New drugs for management of diabetes: insulin analogues, inhaled insulin, pramlintide, and novel peptides.

Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions and contributes to considerable morbidity and mortality in the form of metabolic, microvascular, and macrovascular complications. Although there is no cure, large controlled studies demonstrate the importance of strict glycemic control in reducing progression of microvascular disease and associated morbidity. Insulin replacement is necessary for all patients with type 1 diabetes.

Increased parathyroid hormone and decreased calcitriol during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Objective: We noted that age-related normal calcium doses in neonates on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation result in hypercalcemia. To avoid hypercalcemia and its potential consequences these infants are given one-half the normal calcium dose. We studied the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia and hypomagnesemia by evaluating calcitriol, intact parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin status during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.