State of the Art and Advances in Peripheral Nerve Surgery.

This review is intended to describe and actualize the basic knowledge of the three basic entities that affect the peripheral nerve system and can be treated by surgery: nerve trauma, chronic nerve compressions, and tumors.Regarding trauma, emphasis is given on the timing of surgery, given the fact that the moment in which the surgery is performed and the employed microsurgical reconstruction technique are the most important factors in the final result. Open lesions with associated nerve injury should be managed with an early exploration carried out before 7 days.

Neuropathic inguinal pain due to nerve injury after a laparoscopic appendectomy: first pediatric case described in the literature.

Objective: To describe the first pediatric case in the literature of neuropathic inguinal pain secondary to iatrogenic nerve injury that occurred during a laparoscopic appendectomy, detailing clinical and morphological findings before and after surgery. The literature on adult patients is reviewed and pathophysiological, therapeutic, and prognostic factors are discussed.

Clinical Presentation: A 14-year-old female patient presented with a history of a laparoscopic appendectomy 3 years previously.

Peripheral nerve injuries in the pediatric population: a review of the literature. Part I: traumatic nerve injuries.

Objective: This article reviews the clinical results that can be obtained after repair of a traumatic peripheral nerve injury in the pediatric population.

Methods: A systematic review of the published literature has been made.

Results: Functional outcome after major nerve injuries is sometimes disappointing in adults.

Peripheral nerve injuries in the pediatric population: a review of the literature. Part II: entrapment neuropathies.

Introduction: Entrapment neuropathies are infrequent in children, and therefore remain unrecognized. The incidence of radial, median, and cubital mononeuropathies are all similar. Despite the rarity of such cases, extensive, albeit scattered, literature has accumulated concerning entrapment neuropathies in children.

Peripheral nerve injuries in the pediatric population: a review of the literature. Part III: peripheral nerve tumors in children.

Introduction: Peripheral nerve tumors type, inciedence and treatment in the pediatric population should be analyzed.

Methods: We have performed an extense literature review of this subject.

Results: incidence and distribution are similar to those observed in adults.

Use of ultrasound and targeted physiotherapy in the management of a nerve suture performed under joint flexion.

Background: In 1915, when Delorme described three general requirements for successful nerve repair-(1) resecting scar until a healthy bed is secured, (2) excising damaged nerve until healthy stumps are reached, and (3) placing tension-free sutures, either by adequately mobilizing adjacent joints or nerve grafting-his work was heavily criticized. One century later, history has vindicated all but one of these claims. Flexing adjacent joints to avoid nerve grafts remains controversial, though this practice has increased in recent years.

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: reviewing the literature comparing the results of primary versus secondary surgery.

Obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPP) are a relatively common stretch injury of the brachial plexus that occurs during delivery. Roughly 30 % of patients will not recover completely and will need a surgical repair. Two main treatment strategies have been used: primary surgery, consisting in exploring and reconstructing the affected portions of the brachial plexus within the first few months of the patient's life, and secondary procedures that include tendon or muscle transfers, osteotomies, and other orthopedic techniques.

[Facial paralysis surgery. Current concepts].

Facial palsy is a relatively common condition, from which most cases recover spontaneously. However, each year, there are 127,000 new cases of irreversible facial paralysis. This condition causes aesthetic, functional and psychologically devastating effects in the patients who suffer it.

Surgical treatment of typical peripheral schwannomas: the risk of new postoperative deficits.

Background: Although peripheral schwannomas can be resected without postoperative neurological complications, surgeons must anticipate the possibility that new neurological deficits could develop. In order to evaluate the risk of neurological complications in the surgical treatment of these tumours, we performed a retrospective review of cases involving schwannomas in the extremities, as well as an analysis of the related literature.

Method: We reviewed a combined series of 72 schwannomas from the extremities presenting for surgical excision.

[Innervation of the intervertebral disc].

Until very recently, intervertebral disc innervation was a subject of considerable debate. Nowadays, the introduction of inmunohistochemical techniques associated to specific antibodies and studies with retrograde tracers in nerves have allowed greater understanding of disc innervation in physiological and pathological conditions and also endings characteristics and their patterns of distribution in both situations. The existing controversies regarding structural basis of discogenic pain, have raised the interest of knowing the influence of innervation in back pain from discal origin and its characteristics.

[Orbital leiomyoma. Case report and review of the literature].

Leiomyoma are slowly growing lesions arising from smooth muscle. Orbital location has been reported in 25 cases. Histological findings and no recurrence after total resection support their benign behaviour.