Expanding upon the unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax in children.

Unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax is a common pediatric chest radiographic finding that may also be seen at computed tomography. It may result from congenital or acquired conditions involving the pulmonary parenchyma, airway, pulmonary vasculature, pleural space, and chest wall, as well as from technical factors such as patient rotation. Unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax has a broad differential diagnosis that includes unilateral emphysematous or bullous disease, pneumatocele, foreign body aspiration, Swyer-James syndrome, congenital lobar emphysema, endobronchial mass, unilateral pulmonary agenesis, proximal interruption of the pulmonary artery, scimitar syndrome, diaphragmatic hernia, and Poland syndrome.

White hemithorax in children.

The aim of this pictorial review is to introduce the radiologist to the differential diagnosis of a white hemithorax in children, to provide significant information on the diagnostic work-up, and to promote radiation-free techniques whenever possible. There are many causes of white hemithorax in children and it can be due to a variety of chest disorders. In most cases, plain chest radiographs and ultrasound will suffice.

Thoracic findings of systemic diseases at high-resolution CT in children.

Pulmonary involvement in systemic diseases is common, but the radiographic appearance of early-stage pulmonary changes is often subtle. Computed tomography (CT) has higher sensitivity and specificity than radiography, and high-resolution CT is the method of choice for accurate assessment of diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Even with reductions in the peak voltage and tube charge to minimize the exposure of pediatric patients to radiation, CT performed with a meticulous acquisition technique can provide detailed information.

Intraosseous haemangioma of the ilium.

Intraosseous haemangioma, an uncommon benign vascular tumour, is most commonly seen in adults and tends to involve the vertebrae and the skull. Lesions of flat bones are rare and the imaging findings in these patients are non-specific. We report a unique case of intraosseous haemangioma in the ilium of a 7-year-old girl studied by US, radiography, scintigraphy, CT and MRI.

Gray-scale and color Doppler sonography of scrotal disorders in children: an update.

Ultrasonography (US) is well suited to the study of pathologic conditions of the scrotum in children. US provides excellent anatomic detail; when color Doppler and power Doppler imaging are added, testicular perfusion can be assessed. Gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler US were used to study a spectrum of scrotal disorders in 750 boys aged 1 day to 17 years.

Conservative versus surgical treatment for complex neonatal ovarian cysts: outcomes study.

Objective: Prenatally diagnosed complex ovarian cysts are most often managed surgically in an attempt to save the ovary. Nevertheless, published surgical results disclose that most patients undergo oophorectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy. We assessed whether a surgical or conservative approach was more appropriate by comparing the long-term outcome of infants treated by both methods.

Posterior fontanelle sonography: an acoustic window into the neonatal brain.

Background And Purpose: Sonographic brain studies are classically performed through the anterior fontanelle, but visualization of posterior supratentorial and infratentorial structures is poor with this approach. Posterior fontanelle sonography is recommended for better assessment of these structures. Our purpose was 1) to determine whether sonography of the brain through the posterior fontanelle (PF) improves visualization of brain lesions when added to the routine anterior fontanelle (AF) approach and 2) to describe standardized PF coronal and sagittal sections.

Complicated acute pediatric bacterial sinusitis: Imaging updated approach.

Acute bacterial sinusitis is usually a clinical diagnosis. Orbital complications require emergent evaluation with computed tomography. Using the orbital septum as an anatomic landmark, such infections can be classified as pre- or postseptal and treated with the most adequate therapy, ie, oral or intravenous antibiotics or surgical endonasal drainage.

HRCT in children: technique and indications.

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a very important diagnostic tool, which improves our understanding of many lung diseases in children. However, the technique requires great care in managing the child and attention in using the lowest radiation dose possible. HRCT provides important diagnostic information on pediatric lung disorders for both airway and interstitial lung diseases.

Second malignancies in pediatric patients: imaging findings and differential diagnosis.

Therapeutic advances in the treatment of pediatric neoplasms have improved the prognosis but have also increased the risk of developing rare second malignant neoplasms (SMNs). Primary neoplasms that are often associated with SMNs include lymphoma, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and leukemia. The most common SMNs are central nervous system (CNS) tumors, sarcomas, thyroid and parotid gland carcinomas, and leukemia, particularly acute myeloblastic leukemia.

CT findings and temporal course of persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema in neonates: a multiinstitutional study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT appearance, management, and temporal course of persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema in neonates.

Materials And Methods: Criteria for inclusion in the study group included neonates with a history of prematurity who required ventilation for lung disease, development of hyperexpanded radiolucent lung lesions after typical radiographic findings of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, and CT documentation of lung abnormalities. Radiographs and CT scans were reviewed for the anatomic distribution, appearance, and presence of classic lines or dots within a radiolucent mass.

Imaging of complications of acute mastoiditis in children.

Acute mastoiditis is a serious complication of acute otitis media in children. Suppurative disease in the mastoid region occasionally spreads to the adjacent dura mater of the posterior and middle cranial fossae and the sigmoid sinus by means of thrombophlebitis, osseous erosion, or anatomic pathways, producing intracranial complications. Computed tomography (CT) should be performed early in the course of the disease to classify the mastoiditis as incipient or coalescent and to detect intracranial complications.