Delirium in Critically Ill Children: An International Point Prevalence Study.

Objectives: To determine prevalence of delirium in critically ill children and explore associated risk factors.

Design: Multi-institutional point prevalence study.

Setting: Twenty-five pediatric critical care units in the United States, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Australia, and Saudi Arabia.

Multiple-organ effect of normobaric hyperoxia in neonatal rats.

Purpose: Prolonged exposure to normobaric hyperoxia (NH) is associated with blood leukocyte activation and sequestration in the lung. Whether NH-induced leukocyte activation and sequestration can affect extrapulmonary organs or blood cellular profile has not been systematically investigated. We studied simultaneous changes in blood cellular profile and pulmonary, renal, and intestinal histology during NH and after return to air breathing ("weaning").

Cardiovascular stability during arteriovenous extracorporeal therapy: a randomized controlled study in lambs with acute lung injury.

Introduction: Clinical application of arteriovenous (AV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) requires assessment of cardiovascular ability to respond adequately to the presence of an AV shunt in the face of acute lung injury (ALI). This ability may be age dependent and vary with the experimental model. We studied cardiovascular stability in a lamb model of severe ALI, comparing conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) with AV-ECMO therapy.

Effect of aerosolized milrinone during drug-induced pulmonary hypertension in lambs.

We tested whether aerosolized milrinone in lambs selectively reduces drug-induced acute pulmonary hypertension without reducing the mean systemic blood pressure (MSBP). Seven, 2-3-week-old lambs were anesthetized (50 mg/kg ketamine), paralyzed (0.1 mg/kg vecuronium bromide) and mechanically ventilated.

Aminophylline therapy during endotoxemia in anesthetized spontaneously breathing rats.

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as pentoxifylline and aminophylline, may reduce inflammatory cytokine-induced endothelial permeability. We tested the hypothesis that aminophylline treatment may ameliorate the pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects of endotoxemia in a rat model. In anesthetized rats, a tracheotomy was performed along with catheterization of a femoral vein and artery.

Tracheobronchial injury during intratracheal pulmonary ventilation in rabbits.

Objective: We compared tracheobronchial injury following short-term intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV) and conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in a healthy rabbit model. ITPV, a form of tracheal gas insufflation, has been shown to decrease deadspace ventilation and increase CO2 removal and therefore may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury.

Setting: Medical center laboratory.