Basic emotions expressed in music: factor analyses on intensity ratings by non-musical professional Chinese university students.

Background: Previous studies of musical emotion largely depended on the lexical approach which suffered from overlaps between emotions.

Methods: In the present study, we explored emotional domains through a dimensional approach based on the intensity ratings on the emotion perceived in music. Altogether, 488 university students were invited to listen to 60 musical excerpts (most of them classical), to rate the intensity of emotion perceived without naming the emotion.

Developmental changes in decision making under risk: The role of executive functions and reasoning abilities in 8- to 19-year-old decision makers.

Previous studies have shown that children and adolescents often tend toward risky decisions despite explicit knowledge about the potential negative consequences. This phenomenon has been suggested to be associated with the immaturity of brain areas involved in cognitive control functions. Particularly, "frontal lobe functions," such as executive functions and reasoning, mature until young adulthood and are thought to be involved in age-related changes in decision making under explicit risk conditions.

[Resilience: An approach to the concept].

The capacity to recover from extremes of trauma and stress is termed resilience. Resilience reflects a dynamic confluence of factors that promotes positive adaptation despite exposure to adverse life experiences. Resilience is thought to be important as a component of successful psychosocial adjustment and is associated with mental health.