Cognitive functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Introduction: Neuropsychological deficits in areas of Executive Functioning (EF), theory of mind, and central coherence have been well-documented among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, there remains a significant gap in knowledge with regards to neuropsychological profile in adults with ASD. This study aims to investigate the intellectual functioning and neuropsychological profiles of a clinical population of adults with ASD.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 40 available autistic individuals referred to an adult developmental disorders clinic at a hospital between 2021 and 2022.

Pattern of Compliance and Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Treating Major Depressive Disorder Among Treatment Participants and Completers: A Report From Iran.

Introduction: Since the introduction of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) intervention in 2008, a breakthrough has been made in treating major depressive disorder (MDD). However, many sessions of treatment and its cost make it inconvenient for those who seek treatment, especially in large cities as well as in developing countries.

Methods: A total of 22 patients (out of initial 24 referrals) who met diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4 edition (DSM IV) criteria for MDD were enrolled in the study.

The Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Medical Students.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the two most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders affecting communication and behavior. The co-occurrence of these conditions is probable and can contribute to several challenges in adaptive functioning and academic achievement.In this cross-sectional study, 168 Iranian medical students (107 female, 61 male) studying at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2021 were enrolled.

Camouflage and masking behavior in adult autism.

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. Social camouflaging was first shown to be a characteristic of autistic persons, who actively try to disguise and compensate for their autism features in social contexts in an effort to socially blend in better. Recently, an increasing, though still insufficient, number of studies has been conducted on the concept of camouflage; however, different aspect of it, from psychopathology and etiology to its complications and consequences, are not clearly defined.

Modulation of auditory temporal processing, speech in noise perception, auditory-verbal memory, and reading efficiency by anodal tDCS in children with dyslexia.

Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is prevalent in children. It is estimated that 30-50% of individuals diagnosed with dyslexia also manifest an auditory perceptual deficit characteristic of auditory processing disorder (APD). Some studies suggest that defects in basic auditory processing can lead to phonological defects as the most prominent cause of dyslexia.

Adding extended-release methylphenidate to psychological intervention for treatment of methamphetamine dependence: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Iran has been faced with an emerging epidemic of methamphetamine (MA) use during recent years. No effective pharmacotherapy has been identified for MA treatment; and psychological interventions are the only available effective treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of extended-release methylphenidate (ER-MTP) for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence.

Roozbeh adult autism spectrum disorder clinic: lessons learned from first 34 cases.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous clinical entity with many overlaps and comorbidities with other psychiatric and developmental disorders. Adults with ASD lack adequate access to facilities and supports. This article describes the clinical profile of the first 34 patients admitted to Roozbeh adult ASD clinic during a 12-month period.

A Preliminary Investigation of Deficits in Executive Functions of Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Several studies over the past two decades have investigated the neuropsychological deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but much less has been done on adults. This study aimed to assess the deficits in executive functions of adults with ADHD, especially in the areas of attention, inhibition, impulsivity, and planning. Twenty-four adults (18 years and older) diagnosed with ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria, and also assessed with Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale, participated in the study.

Reliability, Criterion and Concurrent Validity of the Farsi Translation of DIVA-5: A Semi-Structured Diagnostic Interview for Adults With ADHD.

This study evaluated the psychometrics of the Farsi translation of diagnostic interview for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (DIVA-5) based on DSM-5 criteria. Referrals to a psychiatric outpatient clinic ( = 120, 61.7% males, mean age 34.

Distinct Aspects of Decision Making in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Application of Unconscious Thought Theory.

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) rely on "explicit learning" strategies in decision making. It is suggested that periods of brief distraction (in healthy individuals) result in better decisions in complex situations. It can be hypothesized that periods of unconscious thought would not lead to better decisions due to impairment of implicit learning in OCD.

Working Memory Deficits and its Relationship to Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Background: There is a wealth of research done in developed countries on the investigation of the working memory (WM) performance in people with high-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) (IQ>70), with different reported findings. There is a dearth of similar studies in developing countries. In addition, the findings suggest that WM is possibly influenced by culture.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene expression in stress-induced and non-stress induced schizophrenia.

Introduction: As schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder and the outcome of gene-gene-environmental interactions, there are different possible pathophysiological mechanisms in different schizophrenia subtypes corresponding to various risk factors. This study was aimed at examining the impact of one of the most likely interactions, that is, 'dopamine and stress', in schizophrenia pathogenesis.

Methods: Here, we investigated the interaction between 'war-related psychological trauma' without brain trauma and catechol-O-methyltransferase gene.

Emergency psychiatric services in Roozbeh Hospital: A qualitative study of the staff's experiences.

Purpose: This study aims to explore how psychiatric residents and nurses experience the conditions of psychiatric emergency services.

Design And Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using content analysis. Data were collected through unstructured interviews conducted during three focus groups.

Modulation of temporal resolution and speech long-latency auditory-evoked potentials by transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with dyslexia.

In recent years, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a safe and non-invasive method for children and adolescents with dyslexia. Our aim in this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on variables of temporal resolution and speech long-latency auditory-evoked potentials with two electrode arrays on superior temporal gyrus (STG). A total of 17 children and adolescents with dyslexia (age 9-12 years) were included in our study.

A Case of Congenital Insensitivity to Pain With Anhidrosis Comorbid With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Clinical Implications for Pathophysiology and Treatment.

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK1) gene. CIPA is accompanied by abnormal catecholamine metabolism and decreased blood concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of heterogeneous etiology and presentation, and recent reports have suggested a pathophysiological role of neurotrophins in ADHD.

The Relationship between Motor, Imitation, and Early Social Communication Skills in Children with Autism.

Development of early social skills in children is a complex process. To understand this process, it is important to assess how strengths or weaknesses in other developmental domains may be affected by these skills. The present study aimed at investigating the association of motor skills and imitation ability with early social communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care in Iran: Current Status and Future Directions.

Background: The need for mental health care among children and adolescents in Iran, as in other low and middle income countries (LAMIC) remains mostly unmet. In this paper, we sought to provide an overview of the extent of unmet need and mental health services in Iran. We also aimed to propose approaches to address this gap.

Comparing Efficacy and Side Effects of Memantine vs. Risperidone in the Treatment of Autistic Disorder.

This study was aimed to compare the efficacy and side effects of memantine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor of glutamate, with risperidone given the fact that glutamate has been noted for its possible effects in the pathogenesis of autism. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, has been approved by FDA for the management of irritability associated with autism. 30 children, aged 4-17 years, entered an 8-week, randomized trial.

Determinants of Early Marriage from Married Girls' Perspectives in Iranian Setting: A Qualitative Study.

Early marriage is a worldwide problem associated with a range of health and social consequences for teenage girls. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran.

Iranian pregnant teenage women tell the story of "fast development": A phenomenological study.

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a major health problem significantly associated with negative impacts on the health of both teenage mothers and their newborn. However, little is known about teenage pregnancy from teenager's perspective, particularly in developing countries including Iran.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the experience of pregnancy in Iranian teenage women.

Effects of risperidone on core symptoms of autistic disorder based on childhood autism rating scale: an open label study.

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of risperidone in patients afflicted by autistic disorder especially with regards to its three core symptoms, including "relating to others", "communication skills", and "stereotyped behaviors" based on Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).

Materials And Methods: An 8-week open-label study of risperidone for treatment of autistic disorder in children 4-17 years old was designed. Risperidone dose titration was as follow: 0.

Memantine-induced speech problems in two patients with autistic disorder.

Stuttering is a complex speech disorder. There are two forms of stuttering: developmental stuttering and acquired stuttering. Developmental stuttering is a disorder of early childhood but acquired stuttering can develop at any age.

Topiramate versus Valproate Sodium as Adjunctive Therapies to a Combination of Lithium and Risperidone for Adolescents with Bipolar I Disorder: Effects on Weight and Serum Lipid Profiles.

Objective: To compare the effects of topiramate versus valproate sodium as an add-on therapy to a combination of lithium and risperidone (Li+Ris) on body weight and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.

Methods: In a single-blind randomized clinical trial, thirty children and adolescents with bipolar disorder type I in the manic or mixed phase, treated with the combination of Li+Ris at therapeutic doses for at least 4 weeks who had the indication of add-on therapy due to a recurrent episode; a partial response or non response in the current episode or relapse were included. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either topiramate or sodium valproate as the third drug add-on therapy for a total of 6 weeks.

Substance use disorder and ADHD: is ADHD a particularly "specific" risk factor?

Objective: To assess the pattern of substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescents with and without history of attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using an Iranian sample in the context of a cultural background and drug availability is differing from Western countries.

Method: In this case- control study, the participants were interviewed by a child psychiatrist and the measures included: kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for school age children (K-SADS), Opium Treatment Index (OTI) and Global Assessment Functioning (GAF). Data were analyzed with chi square test and T test and fisher exact test by EPI.