Problems Related to Endotracheal Intubation as an Input for the Design of a New Endotracheal Tube.

Objective: The purpose of the current review is to identify the main problems of endotracheal intubation, which will serve as a basis for the design requirements for a novel endotracheal tube.

Methodology: A PICO systematic search was conducted in PubMed up to December 2021 to identify issues related both to the endotracheal intubation procedure and device-specific factors.

Results: Two primary categories of problems were identified during endotracheal intubation: a) Issues related to laryngotracheal symptoms such as cough, hoarseness, aphonia, dysphonia, dysphagia, swallowing difficulties and the risk of stenosis with long-term intubation.

Efficacy of the combination of amphotericin B and echinocandins against and in the host model.

Multidrug resistance is a rising problem among non- species, such as . This therapeutic problem has been very important during the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Health Organization has included in its global priority list of health-threatening fungi, to study this emerging multidrug-resistant species and to develop effective alternative therapies.

Medication impact on oral health in schizophrenia.

Background: Patients with schizophrenia constitute a particularly vulnerable group for oral diseases. Among the different factors involved, we aimed to examine the evidence of how drugs could contribute to the poorer oral health of this population.

Material And Methods: An overview of the potential impact of medication on dental/oral health among people with schizophrenia was proposed focusing on selected literature.

In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Citral in Combination with Amphotericin B, Anidulafungin and Fluconazole against Isolates.

is an emerging fungal pathogen responsible for hospital outbreaks of invasive candidiasis associated with high mortality. The treatment of these mycoses is a clinical challenge due to the high resistance levels of this species to current antifungal drugs, and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activities of combinations of citral with anidulafungin, amphotericin B or fluconazole against 19 isolates.

Non-Adherence in Adult Male Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Relative Forgiveness of Amoxicillin versus Respiratory Fluoroquinolones.

The consequences of non-adherence to treatment (NAT) on antimicrobial efficacy may depend on drug forgiveness-a property that should account for pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) as well as interindividual variability. In this simulation study, relative forgiveness (RF) in NAT, defined as the probability of a successful PK/PD target (PTA) attained under perfect adherence compared to imperfect adherence, was evaluated for amoxicillin (AMOX) (oral 1000 mg/8 h) and two respiratory fluoroquinolones-levofloxacin (LFX) (oral 750 mg/24 h) and moxifloxacin (MOX) (oral 400 mg/24 h)-in virtual outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia for . Several NAT scenarios (delay in dose intake and a missed dose) were considered.

PK/PD modeling and simulation of the in vitro activity of the combinations of isavuconazole with echinocandins against Candida auris.

In vitro combination of echinocandins and isavuconazole against the emerging species Candida auris is mainly synergistic. However, this combination has not been evaluated in clinical settings. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation approach based on in vitro data may be helpful to further study the therapeutic potential of these combinations.

Postantifungal Effect of Antifungal Drugs against : What Do We Know and How Can We Apply This Knowledge in the Clinical Setting?

The study of the pharmacological properties of an antifungal agent integrates the drug pharmacokinetics, the fungal growth inhibition, the fungicidal effect and the postantifungal activity, laying the basis to guide optimal dosing regimen selection. The current manuscript reviews concepts regarding the postantifungal effect (PAFE) of the main classes of drugs used to treat infections or candidiasis. The existence of PAFE and its magnitude are highly dependent on both the fungal species and the class of the antifungal agent.

Antifungal Activity of Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) Against Contemporary Blood Isolates From Medically Relevant Species of : A European Study.

Background: Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) is the newest oral and intravenous antifungal drug with broad activity, currently undergoing clinical trials for invasive candidiasis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the activity of ibrexafungerp and comparators against a collection of 434 European blood isolates of .

Methods: Ibrexafungerp, caspofungin, fluconazole, and micafungin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were collected from 12 European laboratories for 434 blood isolates, including 163 , 108 , 60 , 40 , 29 , 20 , 6 , 2 , 2 , and 1 isolate each of , , and .

In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation of Amphotericin B against .

The aims of this study were to characterize the antifungal activity of amphotericin B against in a static in vitro system and to evaluate different dosing schedules and MIC scenarios by means of semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling and simulation. A two-compartment model consisting of a drug-susceptible and a drug-resistant subpopulation successfully characterized the time-kill data and a modified E sigmoidal model best described the effect of the drug. The model incorporated growth rate constants for both subpopulations, a death rate constant and a transfer constant between both compartments.

In Vitro Interaction and Killing-Kinetics of Amphotericin B Combined with Anidulafungin or Caspofungin against .

Treatment of invasive infections caused by is challenging due to the limited therapeutic options. The combination of antifungal drugs may be an interesting and feasible approach to be investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro activity of amphotericin B in combination with anidulafungin or caspofungin against .

In Vitro Synergistic Interactions of Isavuconazole and Echinocandins against .

is an emergent fungal pathogen that causes severe infectious outbreaks globally. The public health concern when dealing with this pathogen is mainly due to reduced susceptibility to current antifungal drugs. A valuable alternative to overcome this problem is to investigate the efficacy of combination therapy.

Postantifungal effect of anidulafungin against Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida africana, Candida parapsilosis, Candida metapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis.

Objective: Candida albicans remains the most common aetiology of invasive candidiasis, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, the incidence of candidiasis due to non-C. albicans species, such as Candida parapsilosis, is increasing.

Killing kinetics of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin against Candida parapsilosis species complex: Evaluation of the fungicidal activity.

Background: Candida parapsilosis, Candida metapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis are emerging as relevant causes of candidemia. Moreover, they show differences in their antifungal susceptibility and virulence. The echinocandins are different in terms of in vitro antifungal activity against Candida.

Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis: Current and new antifungal drugs.

Background: Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present study carries out a bibliographic review on the therapeutic tools available against oral candidiasis and their usefulness in each clinical situation.

Material And Methods: Recent studies on treatment of oral candidiasis were retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane Library.

Postantifungal effect of caspofungin against the Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis clades.

Killing and postantifungal effects could be relevant for the selection of optimal dosing schedules. This study aims to compare time-kill and postantifungal effects with caspofungin on Candida albicans (C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida africana) and Candida parapsilosis (C.

In vitro pharmacodynamic modelling of anidulafungin against Candida spp.

The aim of this study was to fit anidulafungin in vitro static time-kill data from nine strains of Candida with a pharmacodynamic (PD) model in order to describe the antifungal activity of this drug against Candida spp. Time-kill data from strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis clades were best fit using an adapted sigmoidal Emax model and resulted in a set of PD parameters (Emax, EC50 and Hill factor) for each fungal strain. The data were analysed with NONMEM 7.

[Clinical usefulness of triazole derivatives in the management of fungal infections].

Current therapy for mycoses is limited to the use of a relative reduced number of antifungal drugs. Although amphotericin B still remains considered as the "gold standard" for treatment, acute and chronic toxicity, such as impairment of renal function, limits its use and enhances the investigation and clinical use other chemical families of antifungal drugs. One of these chemical class of active drugs are azole derivatives, discovered in 70s and introduced in clinical practice in 80s.

Postantifungal Effect of Micafungin against the Species Complexes of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis.

Micafungin is an effective antifungal agent useful for the therapy of invasive candidiasis. Candida albicans is the most common cause of invasive candidiasis; however, infections due to non-C. albicans species, such as Candida parapsilosis, are rising.

In vitro fungicidal activities of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against Candida glabrata, Candida bracarensis, and Candida nivariensis evaluated by time-kill studies.

Anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin killing activities against Candida glabrata, Candida bracarensis, and Candida nivariensis were evaluated by the time-kill methodology. The concentrations assayed were 0.06, 0.

Comparison of the in vitro activity of echinocandins against Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida africana by time-kill curves.

Candida albicans remains the most common fungal pathogen. This species is closely related to 2 phenotypically similar cryptic species, Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana. This study aims to compare the antifungal activities of echinocandins against 7 C.

Sertaconazole: an antifungal agent for the topical treatment of superficial candidiasis.

Sertaconazole is a useful antifungal agent against mycoses of the skin and mucosa, such as cutaneous, genital and oral candidiasis and tinea pedis. Its antifungal activity is due to inhibition of the ergosterol biosynthesis and disruption of the cell wall. At higher concentrations, sertaconazole is able to bind to nonsterol lipids of the fungal cell wall, increasing the permeability and the subsequent death of fungal cells.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the antihistaminic (H1) effect of bilastine.

Objective: To model the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of bilastine, a new histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, from single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy adult subjects.

Methods: The pharmacokinetic model was developed from different single-dose and multiple-dose studies. In the single-dose studies, a total of 183 subjects received oral doses of bilastine 2.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the hydroxy lerisetron metabolite L6-OH in rats: an integrated parent-metabolite model.

Purpose: The twofold aim of this study was to characterize in vivo in rats the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of L6-OH, a metabolite of lerisetron with in vitro pharmacological activity, and evaluate the extent to which L6-OH contributes to the overall effect.

Methods: The PK of L6-OH was determined directly postmetabolite i.v.

Population pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in short-term prophylactic treatment.

Aims: To characterize the population pharmacokinetics of netilmicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, in adult urology patients and to develop a covariate model for improved dose titration.

Methods: Data from 62 adult patients (55 male, seven female), undergoing urological surgery and treated with netilmicin for short-term prophylaxis, were evaluated retrospectively. The group had (median, range) ages 68, 31-92 years, weights 72, 43-106 kg and heights 167, 148-182 cm.