Meltdose Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetics and Limited Sampling Strategy Evaluation in Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background: Meltdose tacrolimus (Envarsus) has been marketed as a formulation achieving a more consistent tacrolimus exposure. Due to the narrow therapeutic window of tacrolimus, dose individualization is essential. Relaxation of the upper age limits for kidney transplantations has resulted in larger numbers of elderly patients receiving tacrolimus.

Ketamine Psychedelic and Antinociceptive Effects Are Connected.

Background: Ketamine produces potent analgesia combined with psychedelic effects. It has been suggested that these two effects are associated and possibly that analgesia is generated by ketamine-induced dissociation. The authors performed a post hoc analysis of previously published data to quantify the pharmacodynamic properties of ketamine-induced antinociception and psychedelic symptoms.

Stereoselective ketamine effect on cardiac output: a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling study in healthy volunteers.

Background: Ketamine has cardiac excitatory side-effects. Currently, data on the effects of ketamine and metabolite concentrations on cardiac output are scarce. We therefore developed a pharmacodynamic model derived from data from a randomised clinical trial.

Ketamine Pharmacokinetics.

Background: Several models describing the pharmacokinetics of ketamine are published with differences in model structure and complexity. A systematic review of the literature was performed, as well as a meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic data and construction of a pharmacokinetic model from raw data sets to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate existing ketamine pharmacokinetic models and construct a general ketamine pharmacokinetic model.

Methods: Extracted pharmacokinetic parameters from the literature (volume of distribution and clearance) were standardized to allow comparison among studies.

Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its major metabolites norketamine, hydroxynorketamine, and dehydronorketamine: a model-based analysis.

Background: Recent studies show activity of ketamine metabolites, such as hydroxynorketamine, in producing rapid relief of depression-related symptoms and analgesia. To improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and metabolites norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and hydroxynorketamine, we developed a population pharmacokinetic model of ketamine and metabolites after i.v.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: an update of the most recent literature.

: Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is an incapacitating illness caused by a lesion of the somatosensory nervous system and is associated with several diseases or syndromes. Since current treatment options lack adequate efficacy in the majority of patients, ketamine is often administered to treat refractory NP.: This review gives an overview of new ketamine pharmacokinetic data including data on intranasal and inhaled ketamine.

Opioid-induced respiratory depression in humans: a review of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of reversal.

Background: Opioids are potent painkillers but come with serious adverse effects ranging from addiction to potentially lethal respiratory depression. A variety of drugs with separate mechanisms of action are available to prevent or reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD).

Methods: The authors reviewed human studies on reversal of OIRD using models that describe and predict the time course of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of opioids and reversal agents and link PK to PD.

The impact of CYP2D6 mediated drug-drug interaction: a systematic review on a combination of metoprolol and paroxetine/fluoxetine.

Aim: Metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate) is often co-prescribed with paroxetine/fluoxetine (a CYP2D6 inhibitor) because the clinical relevance of this drug-drug interaction (DDI) is still unclear. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the available evidence and quantify the clinical impact of the DDI.

Method: Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for studies reporting on the effect of the DDI among adults published until April 2018.

Pharmacokinetics of oral hydrocortisone - Results and implications from a randomized controlled trial.

Context And Objective: This study aimed at comparing pharmacokinetics of two different doses of hydrocortisone (HC) in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI).

Design, Setting And Patients: Forty-six patients with SAI participated in this randomized double-blind crossover study.

Intervention: Patients received two different doses of HC (0.

Simple strategy to assess linezolid exposure in patients with multi-drug-resistant and extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Linezolid is used increasingly for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB). However, linezolid can cause severe adverse events, such as peripheral and optical neuropathy or thrombocytopenia related to higher drug exposure. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model to predict the area under the concentration curve (AUC) for linezolid using a limited number of blood samples.