Use of intraoperative duplex ultrasonography for identification and patch repair of kinking stenosis after carotid endarterectomy: a single-surgeon retrospective experience.

Objective: To provide an incidence and descriptive evaluation of kinking of the internal carotid artery (ICA) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in a consecutive CEA series that included the use of intraoperative duplex ultrasonography (IDUS) monitoring and to determine the effect of kink patch repair on long-term postoperative ICA restenosis.

Methods: The electronic medical records and IDUS recordings of all CEA cases performed over a 10-year period (March 2000 to October 2010) by a single neurosurgeon were retrospectively reviewed to assess cases of kinking after CEA.

Results: IDUS assisted in the identification of 27 of 285 cases (9.

Physiological glucose is critical for optimized neuronal viability and AMPK responsiveness in vitro.

Understanding the mechanisms that govern neuronal responses to oxidative and metabolic stress is essential for therapeutic intervention. In vitro modeling is an important approach for these studies, as the metabolic environment influences neuronal responses. Surprisingly, most neuronal culture methods employ conditions that are non-physiological, especially with regards to glucose concentrations, which often exceed 20mM.