Using machine learning to detect noncredible cognitive test performance.

Advanced algorithmic methods may improve the assessment of performance validity during neuropsychological testing. This study investigated whether unsupervised machine learning (ML) could serve as one such method. Participants were 359 adult outpatients who underwent a neuropsychological evaluation for various referral reasons.

Practical Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: Updated Reliability, Validity, and Cutoffs for the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire.

Objectives: To improve assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) by expanding the measurement properties of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q).

Design: Multicenter, longitudinal observational study.

Setting: Several Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs).

Does neuropsychological intraindividual variability index cognitive dysfunction, an invalid presentation, or both? Preliminary findings from a mixed clinical older adult veteran sample.

Introduction: Intraindividual variability across a battery of neuropsychological tests (IIV-dispersion) can reflect normal variation in scores or arise from cognitive impairment. An alternate interpretation is IIV-dispersion reflects reduced engagement/invalid test data, although extant research addressing this interpretation is significantly limited.

Method: We used a sample of 97 older adult (mean age: 69.

Multidimensional ADHD Symptom Profiles: Associations with Adverse Childhood Experiences.

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neurocognitive deficits. This study identified symptom profiles in adult patients undergoing neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD and examined the association between these profiles and ACEs.

Methods: Utilizing unsupervised machine learning models, the study analyzed data from 208 adult patients.

Effect of processing speed and memory performance on classification accuracy of the dot counting test in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample.

Objective: This study examined the impact of impairment in two specific cognitive abilities, processing speed and memory, on Dot Counting Test (DCT) classification accuracy by evaluating performance validity classification accuracy across cognitively unimpaired, single-domain impairment, and multidomain impairment subgroups within a mixed clinical sample.

Method: Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 348 adult outpatients classified as valid ( = 284) or invalid ( = 64) based on four independent criterion performance validity tests (PVTs). Unimpaired ( = 164), single-domain processing speed impairment ( = 24), single-domain memory impairment ( = 53), and multidomain processing speed and memory impairment ( = 43) clinical subgroups were established among the valid group.

Neuropsychological Test Performance Differentiates Subgroups of Individuals With Adult Moyamoya Disease: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study.

Background And Objectives: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare noninflammatory disorder involving progressive intracranial vasculopathy and impaired cerebral blood flow in the anterior circulation, resulting in stroke and cognitive impairment. We aimed to characterize cognitive impairment and the possible predictive value of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults with MMD.

Methods: This cross-sectional study examined neurocognitive performance in a group of 42 consecutive adult patients (mean age = 40.

Empirically derived symptom profiles in adults with attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An unsupervised machine learning approach.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with various cognitive, behavioral, and mood symptoms that complicate diagnosis and treatment. The heterogeneity of these symptoms may also vary depending on certain sociodemographic factors. It is therefore important to establish more homogenous symptom profiles in patients with ADHD and determine their association with the patient's sociodemographic makeup.

The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Symptom and Performance Validity Tests Among a Multiracial Sample Presenting for ADHD Evaluation.

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are commonly reported in individuals presenting for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation. Performance validity tests (PVTs) and symptom validity tests (SVTs) are essential to ADHD evaluations in young adults, but extant research suggests that those who report ACEs may be inaccurately classified as invalid on these measures. The current study aimed to assess the degree to which ACE exposure differentiated PVT and SVT performance and ADHD symptom reporting in a multi-racial sample of adults presenting for ADHD evaluation.

Comparing embedded performance validity indicators within the WAIS-IV Letter-Number sequencing subtest to Reliable Digit Span among adults referred for evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

This study investigated the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) subtest as an embedded performance validity indicator among adults undergoing an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation, and its potential incremental value over Reliable Digit Span (RDS). This cross-sectional study comprised 543 adults who underwent neuropsychological evaluation for ADHD. Patients were divided into valid ( = 480) and invalid ( = 63) groups based on multiple criterion performance validity tests.

Adverse childhood experiences, cognitive functioning, depression, and anxiety in adulthood.

Background: Evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict cognitive dysfunction, possibly through direct (e.g., brain structure/function changes) and indirect (e.

Differentiating Performance on the Connors Continuous Performance Test (CPT-3) as a Function of Comorbid Internalizing Psychopathology.

Objective: Internalizing psychopathology commonly co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Attention concerns are present in both ADHD and internalizing disorders, yet the neuropsychological functioning of those with comorbid ADHD and internalizing psychopathology is underexamined.

Method: This study compared Conners' Continuous Performance Test-Third Edition (CPT-3) profiles across ADHD (n = 141), internalizing psychopathology (n = 78), and comorbid (ADHD/internalizing psychopathology; n = 240) groups.

Exploring Subfactors of Adult Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and Impact on Neuropsychological Performance.

Objective: This study investigated subfactors of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS; previously referred as sluggish cognitive tempo) among adults referred for neuropsychological evaluation of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Method: Retrospective analyses of data from 164 outpatient neuropsychological evaluations examined associations between CDS subfactors and self-reported psychological symptoms and cognitive performance.

Results: Factor analysis produced two distinct but positively correlated constructs: "Cognitive Complaints'' and "Lethargy.

Cross-validation of the Trail Making Test as a non-memory-based embedded performance validity test among veterans with and without cognitive impairment.

Objective: This study cross-validated multiple Trail Making Test (TMT) Parts A and B scores as non-memory-based embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) for detecting invalid neuropsychological performance among veterans with and without cognitive impairment.

Method: Data were collected from a demographically and diagnostically diverse mixed clinical sample of 100 veterans undergoing outpatient neuropsychological evaluation at a Southwestern VA Medical Center. As part of a larger battery of neuropsychological tests, all veterans completed TMT A and B and four independent criterion PVTs, which were used to classify veterans into valid ( = 75) and invalid ( = 25) groups.

Multivariate examination of embedded indicators of performance validity for ADHD evaluations: A targeted approach.

This study investigated the individual and combined utility of 10 embedded validity indicators (EVIs) within executive functioning, attention/working memory, and processing speed measures in 585 adults referred for an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation. Participants were categorized into invalid and valid performance groups as determined by scores from empirical performance validity indicators. Analyses revealed that all of the EVIs could meaningfully discriminate invalid from valid performers (AUCs = .

The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on ADHD Symptom Reporting, Psychological Symptoms, and Cognitive Performance Among Adult Neuropsychological Referrals.

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are early life experiences that influence mental health outcomes, though there are mixed findings reported in relation to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. The current study compared adults who experienced ACEs on measures of ADHD symptom reporting, psychological symptoms, and neurocognitive test performance.

Method: The sample ( = 115) had mean age of 28.

Neuropsychologists' perspectives of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) has received significant media coverage as a major health concern for collision sport athletes and combat veterans. This survey study investigated neuropsychologists' perspectives of CTE. Neuropsychologists ( = 325) were contacted electronic advertisement posted to popular neuropsychology professional listservs and completed a survey regarding their perspectives of: the proposed sequelae of repeated concussions, the strength of the CTE research base, and its media coverage.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form Profiles Among Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Examining the Effect of Comorbid Psychopathology and ADHD Presentation.

Objective: Despite widespread use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), it is surprisingly understudied among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is significant as ADHD is a frequent referral for neuropsychological evaluation; however, the core symptom of attention difficulty is a nonspecific sequela of many psychological disorders. This study aimed to characterize MMPI-2-RF profiles among adults with ADHD and examine the effect of comorbid psychopathology.

Does comorbid depression impact executive functioning (EF) in adults diagnosed with ADHD?: a comparison of EF across diagnoses in clinically-referred individuals.

Introduction: Executive functioning (EF) is a salient factor in both ADHD as well as depressive disorders. However, sparse literature has examined whether depression severity impacts EF concurrently among adults with ADHD. The goal of this study was to examine differences in EF between adult patients diagnosed with ADHD and those diagnosed with a non-ADHD primary psychopathological condition, as a function of both ADHD presentation and depression severity in a diverse clinical sample.

Prevalence of neurodevelopmental delays in infants with perinatal HIV infection in comparison with HIV exposure in rural South Africa.

Background: Assessing neurodevelopmental functioning in early infancy is essential as this is a critical period for infant development. Infants born to mothers with HIV are at a greater risk of developmental delays than those born to mothers without HIV. In this study, we analyzed differences in early neurodevelopmental functioning for infants with HIV exposure versus HIV infection to inform infant screening and early intervention.

Social Determinants of Health: Associations Between Dichotomous Versus Dimensional Scores, Neuropsychological Test Performance, and Psychiatric Symptoms.

This study examined the utility of dichotomous versus dimensional scores across two measures of social determinants of health (SDOH) regarding their associations with cognitive performance and psychiatric symptoms in a mixed clinical sample of 215 adults referred for neuropsychological evaluation ( = 43.91, 53.5% male, 44.