The Creation and Validation of an Ankle Bone Age Atlas and Data Predicting Remaining Ankle Growth.

Background: The purpose of the current study was 2-fold: (1) to create and validate an ankle bone age atlas spanning the pediatric and adolescent years and (2) to utilize this atlas in conjunction with distal tibia/fibular growth data as measured on serial radiographs to develop a predictive growth model for the lower extremity.

Methods: Radiographs were surveyed to identify distinguishable, reproducible, radiographic features. Radiographic features of the tibia, fibula, hindfoot, and midfoot from 270 patients were identified and a "standard" for each age/sex was selected to create an atlas.

Transmetatarsal Amputation Results in Higher Frequency of Revision Surgery and Higher Ambulation Rates Than Below-Knee Amputation.

Background: Selecting the level of amputation for patients with severe foot pathology can be challenging. The surgeon is sometimes confronted with an option between transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) and below-knee amputation (BKA). Recent studies have suggested that minor foot amputations have high revision rates and need for higher level of amputation.

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Adolescents With Acute First-Time Patellar Dislocation With an Associated Loose Body.

Background: The management of adolescents with acute first-time patellar dislocation with an associated loose body remains a debated topic. The rate of recurrent dislocation in these patients may be up to 61% if the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is repaired or not addressed surgically. To our knowledge, a prospective evaluation of MPFL reconstruction for adolescents with acute first-time patellar dislocation with an associated chondral or osteochondral loose body has not been previously performed.

Risk Factors for Adverse Radiographic Outcomes After Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing of Unstable Diaphyseal Tibia Fractures in Children.

Objectives: Elastic stable intramedullary nails (ESIN) are commonly utilized to treat unstable pediatric tibia fractures but have been associated with complications. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for adverse radiographic outcomes after ESIN of pediatric tibia fractures.

Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent diaphyseal tibia fracture stabilization with ESIN between 2010 and 2018 at 3 pediatric level 1 trauma centers was performed.

Progressive Elbow Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Little League Baseball Players Are Common: A 3-Year Longitudinal Evaluation.

Background: Prior studies have revealed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of elbow pathology in single-season evaluation of competitive youth baseball players. The natural history of these findings and risk factors for progression have not been reported.

Purpose: To characterize the natural history of bilateral elbow MRI findings in a 3-year longitudinal study and to correlate abnormalities with prior MRI findings, throwing history, playing status, and physical examination.

Recurrence of Patellar Instability in Adolescents Undergoing Surgery for Osteochondral Defects Without Concomitant Ligament Reconstruction.

Background: First-time patellar dislocation with an associated chondral or osteochondral loose body is typically treated operatively to address the loose fragment. The incidence of recurrent instability in this patient population if the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is not reconstructed is unknown.

Purpose: To determine the recurrent instability rate in patients undergoing surgery for patellar instability with chondral or osteochondral loose bodies, as well as to identify and stratify risk factors for recurrent instability.

Cortical Neuroprosthesis Merges Visible and Invisible Light Without Impairing Native Sensory Function.

Adult rats equipped with a sensory prosthesis, which transduced infrared (IR) signals into electrical signals delivered to somatosensory cortex (S1), took approximately 4 d to learn a four-choice IR discrimination task. Here, we show that when such IR signals are projected to the primary visual cortex (V1), rats that are pretrained in a visual-discrimination task typically learn the same IR discrimination task on their first day of training. However, without prior training on a visual discrimination task, the learning rates for S1- and V1-implanted animals converged, suggesting there is no intrinsic difference in learning rate between the two areas.