Three-dimensional orthodontic force measurements.

Introduction: Until recently, much of the orthodontic biomechanics literature was restricted to 2-dimensional experimental studies and, more recently, to assumption-based 3-dimensional computer modeling. There is little evidence in the literature regarding 3-dimensional experimental measurements and analysis of orthodontic force systems.

Methods: The purpose of this study was the design, construction, and validation of a laboratory-based human mouth model capable of accurately measuring forces and moments applied by orthodontic fixed appliances on all teeth in 1 arch.

Torque expression of self-ligating brackets.

Introduction: The labiolingual inclination of maxillary and mandibular incisors is considered by many orthodontists to be an important determinant of pleasing dental esthetics and ideal stable occlusion. In contemporary fixed appliances, attaching a rectangular orthodontic archwire to a bracket with a rectangular slot makes third-order control possible. The purpose of this study was to measure the difference in third-order moments that can be delivered by engaging 0.