Temperature characteristics of the birefringence properties of filled side-hole fibers.

The temperature characteristics of the birefringence of side-hole fibers filled with liquids or metal are investigated, aiming at providing a basis for on/off temperature sensing. Short pieces of fiber are filled and the change in birefringence is registered using measurements in reflective mode of the transmitted power through a linear polarizer at 1550 nm. The rapid change in the birefringence behavior of the fiber at the temperature of the phase transition of the filler substance is shown, and from the measurement data the phase transition temperatures can be determined as well as an estimation of the birefringence change with temperature.

Behavioral monitoring in zoos and aquariums: a tool for guiding husbandry and directing research.

Behavioral monitoring is the scientific collection of animal behavior data to understand normal patterns of behavior and changes in these patterns. This tool is underutilized in the zoo industry although it can be an effective indicator of many potential problems that compromise zoo animal well-being. We suggest that a behavioral monitoring program should be a core component of a zoological institution's care program.