Knowledge, perceptions and practices towards diabetes risk in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed-methods scoping review.

Objective: To synthesise current evidence on knowledge, perceptions and practices towards type 2 diabetes risk in sub-Saharan Africa.

Design: Mixed-methods scoping review, which included 101 studies (seventy-three quantitative, twenty qualitative and eight mixed methods) from seven electronic databases.

Setting: Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2023.

Association of gamma-glutamyltransferase levels with total mortality, liver-related and cardiovascular outcomes: A prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.

Background: Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels in the blood can be a sensitive marker of liver injury but the extent to which they give insight into risk across multiple outcomes in a clinically useful way remains uncertain.

Methods: Using data from 293,667 UK Biobank participants, the relationship of GGT concentrations to self-reported alcohol intake and adiposity markers were investigated. We next investigated whether GGT predicted liver-related, cardiovascular (CV) or all-cause mortality, and potentially improved CV risk prediction.

Family history of diabetes and risk of SARS-COV-2 in UK Biobank: A prospective cohort study.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine risk of being SARS-CoV-2 positive and severe infection (associated with hospitalization/mortality) in those with family history of diabetes.

Methods: We used UK Biobank, an observational cohort recruited between 2006 and 2010. We compared the risk of being SARS-CoV-2 positive and severe infection for those with family history of diabetes (mother/father/sibling) against those without.

Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for COVID-19, and comparison to risk factors for influenza and pneumonia: results from a UK Biobank prospective cohort study.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate demographic, lifestyle, socioeconomic and clinical risk factors for COVID-19, and compared them to risk factors for pneumonia and influenza in UK Biobank.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: UK Biobank.

BMI and future risk for COVID-19 infection and death across sex, age and ethnicity: Preliminary findings from UK biobank.

Aims: We examined the link between BMI and risk of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 and risk of COVID-19-related death among UK Biobank participants.

Methods: Among 4855 participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 in hospital, 839 were positive and of these 189 died from COVID-19. Poisson models with penalised thin plate splines were run relating exposures of interest to test positivity and case-fatality, adjusting for confounding factors.

Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank.

Background And Aims: COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals. We aimed to establish whether blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk, and whether it explained the higher incidence of COVID-19 in black and South Asian people.

Methods: UK Biobank recruited 502,624 participants aged 37-73 years between 2006 and 2010.

Beyond cycle lanes and large-scale infrastructure: a scoping review of initiatives that groups and organisations can implement to promote cycling for the Cycle Nation Project.

Background/objectives: Cycling has well-established positive relationships with health. Evidence suggests that large-scale infrastructure and built-environment initiatives to promote cycling are likely to be necessary but not sufficient to maximise cycling participation. Smaller-scale initiatives that can be implemented by organisations (eg, employers) and groups (eg, community groups) are therefore also important, but the full range of feasible activities to promote cycling is not known.

Dose-response associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with all-cause mortality and incidence and mortality of cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: the UK Biobank cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the association of cardiorespiratory fitness with all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer mortality and incidence.

Design: Prospective population-based study.

Setting: UK Biobank.

Increasing physical activity in older adults using STARFISH, an interactive smartphone application (app); a pilot study.

Background: Increasing physical activity in older adults has preventative and therapeutic health benefits. We have developed STARFISH, a smartphone application, to increase physical activity. This paper describes the features of STARFISH, presents the views of older users on the acceptability and usability of the app and reports the results of a six week pilot study of the STARFISH app in older adults.

Associations of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and body mass index with glycated haemoglobin within the general population: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2008 Health Survey for England.

Objectives: To investigate the associations of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and body mass index (BMI) with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in a national sample of English adults.

Methods: The 2008 Health Survey for England data were used with 1109 participants aged ≥18 providing complete data. MVPA time was assessed using an accelerometer.

Associations between single and multiple cardiometabolic diseases and cognitive abilities in 474 129 UK Biobank participants.

Aims: Cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease [CAD] and diabetes are known to associate with poorer cognitive ability but there are limited data on whether having more than one of these conditions is associated with additive effects. We aimed to quantify the magnitude of their associations with non-demented cognitive abilities and determine the extent to which these associations were additive.

Methods And Results: We examined cognitive test scores in domains of reasoning, information processing speed and memory, included as part of the baseline UK Biobank cohort assessment (N = 474 129 with relevant data), adjusting for a range of potentially confounding variables.

Sleep characteristics modify the association of genetic predisposition with obesity and anthropometric measurements in 119,679 UK Biobank participants.

Obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetics, lifestyle, and environment. We investigated whether the association of a validated genetic profile risk score for obesity (GPRS-obesity) with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) was modified by sleep characteristics. This study included cross-sectional data from 119,859 white European adults, aged 37-73 y, participating in the UK Biobank.

The association between physical activity and risk of mortality is modulated by grip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness: evidence from 498 135 UK-Biobank participants.

Aims: It is unclear whether the potential benefits of physical activity differ according to level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or strength. The aim of this study was to determine whether the association between physical activity and mortality is moderated by CRF and grip strength sufficiently to inform health promotion strategies.

Methods And Results: 498 135 participants (54.

Should Physical Activity Recommendations for South Asian Adults Be Ethnicity-Specific? Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study of South Asian and White European Men and Women.

International public health guidelines recommend that adults undertake at least 150 min.week-1 of moderate-intensity physical activity. However, the underpinning evidence has largely been obtained from studies of populations of white European descent.

Study protocol of European Fans in Training (EuroFIT): a four-country randomised controlled trial of a lifestyle program for men delivered in elite football clubs.

Background: Lifestyle interventions targeting physical activity, sedentary time and dietary behaviours have the potential to initiate and support behavioural change and result in public health gain. Although men have often been reluctant to engage in such lifestyle programs, many are at high risk of several chronic conditions. We have developed an evidence and theory-based, gender sensitised, health and lifestyle program (European Fans in Training (EuroFIT)), which is designed to attract men through the loyalty they feel to the football club they support.

Frequency of Breaks in Sedentary Time and Postprandial Metabolic Responses.

Purpose: To compare the metabolic effects of breaking up sedentary time with prolonged periods of standing versus multiple shorter standing bouts with the same total duration to determine whether, in principle, altering the frequency of "standing breaks" in sedentary time, influences metabolic responses over the course of the day.

Methods: Ten normoglycemic overweight/obese men (age, 33 ± 13 yr; body mass index, 28.3 ± 3.

Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive mobile phone application: a pilot study.

Background: Following stroke, people are generally less active and more sedentary which can worsen outcomes. Mobile phone applications (apps) can support change in health behaviors. We developed STARFISH, a mobile phone app-based intervention, which incorporates evidence-based behavior change techniques (feedback, self-monitoring and social support), in which users' physical activity is visualized by fish swimming.

Cardiometabolic disease and features of depression and bipolar disorder: population-based, cross-sectional study.

Background: The relative contribution of demographic, lifestyle and medication factors to the association between affective disorders and cardiometabolic diseases is poorly understood.

Aims: To assess the relationship between cardiometabolic disease and features of depresion and bipolar disorder within a large population sample.

Method: Cross-sectional study of 145 991 UK Biobank participants: multivariate analyses of associations between features of depression or bipolar disorder and five cardiometabolic outcomes, adjusting for confounding factors.

Associations of mutually exclusive categories of physical activity and sedentary time with markers of cardiometabolic health in English adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England.

Background: Both physical activity and sedentary behaviour have been individually associated with health, however, the extent to which the combination of these behaviours influence health is less well-known. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of four mutually exclusive categories of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time on markers of cardiometabolic health in a nationally representative sample of English adults.

Methods: Using the 2008 Health Survey for England dataset, 2131 participants aged ≥ 18 years, who provided valid accelerometry data, were included for analysis and grouped into one of four behavioural categories: (1) 'Busy Bees': physically active & low sedentary, (2) 'Sedentary Exercisers': physically active & high sedentary, (3) 'Light Movers': physically inactive & low sedentary, and (4) 'Couch Potatoes': physically inactive & high sedentary.

Nonexercise Equations to Estimate Fitness in White European and South Asian Men.

Purpose: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong, independent predictor of health, whether it is measured in an exercise test or estimated in an equation. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate equations to estimate fitness in middle-age white European and South Asian men.

Methods: Multiple linear regression models (n = 168, including 83 white European and 85 South Asian men) were created using variables that are thought to be important in predicting fitness (V˙O2max, mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹): age (yr), body mass index (kg·m⁻²), resting HR (bpm); smoking status (0, never smoked; 1, ex or current smoker), physical activity expressed as quintiles (0, quintile 1; 1, quintile 2; 2, quintile 3; 3, quintile 4; 4, quintile 5), categories of moderate- to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) (0, <75 min·wk⁻¹; 1, 75-150 min·wk⁻¹; 2, >150-225 min·wk⁻¹; 3, >225-300 min·wk⁻¹; 4, >300 min·wk⁻¹), or minutes of MVPA (min·wk⁻¹); and, ethnicity (0, South Asian; 1, white).

Body Mass Index and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Two Electronic Health Record Prospective Studies.

Context: The relationship between rising body mass index (BMI) and prospective risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is virtually absent.

Objective: Determine the extent of the association between BMI and risk of future NAFLD diagnosis, stratifying by sex and diabetes.

Design: Two prospective studies using Humedica and Health Improvement Network (THIN) with 1.