Comparison Between Closed and Open Methods for Creating Pneumoperitoneum in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

To study the efficacy of closed and open methods for creating pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy by comparing the two in terms of their outcome and complication. : Single-centre, prospective, observational study. : Purposive sampling method where the inclusion criteria were all patients with cholelithiasis who were advised and consented to laparoscopic cholecystectomy of age 18-70 years were included in the study group.

To do or not to do: prolapsed, bleeding, rectal polyp, a dilemma in austere circumstances.

Polyps are defined as abnormal growth of tissue from a mucosal surface. Rectal polyps are the most common (2%) cause of gastro-intestinal bleed in children below 10 years. In adults, a rectal polyp presenting as an emergency with irreducible prolapse and massive bleeding causing severe anemia is seldom seen.