Vascular limitations in blood pressure regulation with age in women: Insights from exercise and acute cardioselective β-blockade.

Younger women rely on altering cardiac output ( ) to regulate blood pressure (BP). In contrast, older women rely more on altering vascular tone. However, evidence suggests that the ability to alter systemic vascular conductance (SVC) is diminished in older women.

An Update on Heart Failure: New Definitions and Treatment.

Heart failure is defined by stages that are based on symptoms from at risk individuals to those with refractory symptoms. Along this continuum of care, we initiate optimal treatment that is then based on an individual's ejection fraction. Therapy is designed to reduce the progression of heart failure while reducing heart failure complications, deaths and hospitalizations.

Pulmonary hypertension: An update of Dx and Tx guidelines.

Here is how to reduce risk factors that can lead to pulmonary hypertension; play a pivotal role in diagnosis; and know when disease requires a referral.