First Canadian experience with robotic single-incision pyeloplasty: Comparison with multi-incision technique.

Introduction: We compared the outcomes of single-incision, robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty vs. multiple-incision pyeloplasty using the da Vinci robotic system.

Methods: We reviewed all consecutive robotic pyeloplasties by a single surgeon from January 2011 to August 2015.

Optimal management of distal ureteric strictures following renal transplantation: a systematic review.

Our objective was to define optimal management of distal ureteric strictures following renal transplantation. A systematic review on PubMed identified 34 articles (385 patients). Primary endpoints were success rates and complications of specific primary and secondary treatments (following failure of primary treatment).

Vaginal entrapment of bathwater: a source of extra-urethral incontinence.

This report presents 2 cases of females (a prepubertal and a pre-menopausal female) with dribbling "incontinence" caused by vaginal entrapment of bathwater. In the first case, an 8-year-old girl presented with a history of bothersome wetness of her underwear, noted mainly in the morning. History revealed that she bathed almost nightly.

Effects of expectation on amygdala-kindled convulsions and interictal behaviour in rats: confirmation of a Pavlovian mechanism.

We found evidence that the effects of exposure to the stimulation environment on the convulsions and interictal behaviour of basolateral amygdala (BA)-kindled rats are the result of Pavlovian conditioning. In Experiment 1, the rats first received 45 BA stimuli in one environment (CS+) and 45 sham stimuli in another environment (CS-). During this first phase of the experiment, the CS+ and CS- began to exert differential effects on interictal behaviour and convulsions.