Exploring the role and inter-relationship among nitric oxide, opioids, and K channels in the signaling pathway underlying remote ischemic preconditioning induced cardioprotection in rats.

Objectives: This study explored the inter-relationship among nitric oxide, opioids, and KATP channels in the signaling pathway underlying remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) conferred cardioprotection.

Materials And Methods: Blood pressure cuff was placed around the hind limb of the animal and RIPC was performed by 4 cycles of inflation (5 min) followed by deflation (5 min). An ex vivo Langendorff's isolated rat heart model was used to induce ischemia (of 30 min duration)-reperfusion (of 120 min duration) injury.

Investigation on beneficial role of l-carnosine in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice: possible role of histidine histamine pathway.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible role of histidine-histamine pathway in the neuroprotective effects produced by L-carnosine hand in hand with ischemic postconditioning in the animal model of cerebral ischemia.

Methods: Cerebral ischemia was induced in swiss albino mice by performing BCCAO surgery. Morris water-maze test was utilized to assess the learning ability and memory of the animals.

Diabetes abolish cardioprotective effects of remote ischemic conditioning: evidences and possible mechanisms.

Diabetes mellitus significantly hampers the development of cardioprotective response to remote pre/post/perconditioning stimuli by impairing the activation of cardioprotective signaling pathways. Among the different pathways, the impairment in O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling and release of cardioprotective humoral factor may contribute in attenuating remote preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. Moreover, the failure to phosphorylate extracellular signal related kinase (ERK), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and AKT along with up-regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decrease in autophagy may also attenuate remote preconditioning-induced cardioprotection.

Animals models of spinal cord contusion injury.

Spinal cord contusion injury is one of the most serious nervous system disorders, characterized by high morbidity and disability. To mimic spinal cord contusion in humans, various animal models of spinal contusion injury have been developed. These models have been developed in rats, mice, and monkeys.

Conditioning-induced cardioprotection: Aging as a confounding factor.

The aging process induces a plethora of changes in the body including alterations in hormonal regulation and metabolism in various organs including the heart. Aging is associated with marked increase in the vulnerability of the heart to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, it significantly hampers the development of adaptive response to various forms of conditioning stimuli (pre/post/remote conditioning).