Short-term postoperative distress associated with open vs. transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in patients with T1-T2 carcinomas of the tongue base and supraglottis.

Background: This study compared the adverse effects of open surgery (OS) including lateral pharyngotomy and supraglottic laryngectomy vs. transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the treatment of stage T1 and T2 carcinomas of the tongue base and supraglottis.

Methods: A retrospective study involving a 49 (13 female and 36 male) patients with untreated T1 or T2 carcinomas.

The head problem. The organizational significance of segmentation in head development.

This review argues for the segmental basis of chordate head organization which, like somite-based segmental organization in the trunk, takes its origin from early mesodermal development. The review builds on, and brings up to date, Goodrich's well-known scheme of head organization. It surveys recent data in support of this scheme and shows how evidence and arguments supposedly in conflict with it can be accommodated.

Developmental relation between palatine tonsils and kidney.

The evolutionary changes of the immune process in the whole line of representatives of the organisms were followed. The immune organs responsible for processing the antigens evolved from the derivatives of coelomic lining over the gut folds to the immune organs developed in the gill region of the digestive tract. Among them the tonsils have to be considered as a very modern evolutionary immune organ.