Experimental Induction of Extreme Indented Growth Rings (Hazel Wood) in Miller by Wide and Long Parallel Bark and Vascular Cambium Woundings.

Indented growth rings were found long ago to be experimentally induced in Miller by thin parallel axial scratching of the bark up to the vascular cambium with a sharp blade. Here, we show that when the bark and vascular cambium of . are wounded by wide and long parallel axial wounds ("windows") rather than by thin scratches, the induced indented growth rings become dramatically more indented.

Fast, Easy, and Comprehensive Techniques for Microscopic Observations of Fungal and Oomycete Organisms Inside the Roots of Herbaceous and Woody Plants.

The roots of herbaceous and woody plants growing in soil are complex structures that are affected by both natural and artificial fungal colonization to various extents. To obtain comprehensive information about the overall distribution of fungi or oomycetes inside a plant root system, rapid, effective, and reliable screening methods are required. To observe both fine roots, i.

The fungus Acremonium alternatum enhances salt stress tolerance by regulating host redox homeostasis and phytohormone signaling.

While endophytic fungi offer promising avenues for bolstering plant resilience against abiotic stressors, the molecular mechanisms behind this biofortification remain largely unknown. This study employed a multifaceted approach, combining plant physiology, proteomic, metabolomic, and targeted hormonal analyses to illuminate the early response of Brassica napus to Acremonium alternatum during the nascent stages of their interaction. Notably, under optimal growth conditions, the initial reaction to fungus was relatively subtle, with no visible alterations in plant phenotype and only minor impacts on the proteome and metabolome.

Chitosan-induced biotic stress tolerance and crosstalk with phytohormones, antioxidants, and other signalling molecules.

Several polysaccharides augment plant growth and productivity and galvanise defence against pathogens. Such elicitors have ecological superiority over traditional growth regulators, considering their amplified biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, non-toxicity, ubiquity, and inexpensiveness. Chitosan is a chitin-derived polysaccharide that has recently been spotlighted among plant scientists.

The mechanism of enhanced lignin regulating foliar Cd absorption and yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The impact of atmospheric deposition of cadmium (Cd) in cereal crops has become a global concern. Enhanced lignin content was expected to benefit the plant performance against Cd exposure. To date, however, the underlying mechanisms of lignin regulating foliar Cd absorption in rice (Oryza sativa L.

Defense mechanisms promoting tolerance to aggressive species in hybrid poplar.

Poplars are among the fastest-growing trees and significant resources in agriculture and forestry. However, rapid growth requires a large water consumption, and irrigation water provides a natural means for pathogen spread. That includes members of spp.

Metabolomic and Physiological Changes in Seedlings Infected with and the A1 and A2 Mating Types of .

infections are followed by histological alterations, physiological and metabolomic adjustments in the host but very few studies contemplate these changes simultaneously. seedlings were inoculated with A1 and A2 mating types of the heterothallic and with the homothallic to identify plant physiological and metabolomic changes accompanying microscope observations of the colonization process one, two and three weeks after inoculation. -infected plants died at a faster pace than those inoculated with and showed higher mortality than A1-infected plants.

Different Responses in Vascular Traits between Dutch Elm Hybrids with a Contrasting Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease.

The ascomycetous fungus is the causative agent of the current Dutch elm disease (DED) pandemic, which has ravaged many tens of millions of European and North American elm trees. Host responses in vascular traits were studied in two Dutch elm hybrids, 'Groeneveld' and 'Dodoens', which show different vascular architecture in the secondary xylem and possess contrasting tolerances to DED. 'Groeneveld' trees, sensitive to DED, possessed a high number of small earlywood vessels.

The Influence of Nanoparticles on Fire Retardancy of Pedunculate Oak Wood.

Traditional flame retardants often contain halogens and produce toxic gases when burned. Hence, in this study, low-cost, environmentally friendly compounds that act as fire retardants are investigated. These materials often contain nanoparticles, from which TiO and SiO are the most promising.

Effects of Inoculations on Photosynthetic Behaviour and Induced Defence Responses of Plant Volatiles in Field-Grown Hybrid Poplar Tolerant to Bark Canker Disease.

Bark cankers accompanied by symptoms of decline and dieback are the result of a destructive disease caused by infections in woody plants. Pathogenicity, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and volatile responses to and inoculations were studied in field-grown 10-year-old hybrid poplar plants. The most stressful effects of on photosynthetic behaviour were found at days 30 and 38 post-inoculation (p.

Development of Pathogenic Symptoms in Juvenile Trees.

When monitoring the state of health of trees, unusual symptoms were discovered within a plantation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These symptoms included the appearance of necrosis and cankers in the basal parts of the trees, followed by the formation of fruiting bodies, however, none of these symptoms were found in the crowns. After sampling and isolation of the necrotic parts from the stem base, pathogen was isolated and identified from the characteristics of pure cultures, morphology of the fruiting bodies, and from multilocus sequencing.

Physiological, vascular and nanomechanical assessment of hybrid poplar leaf traits in micropropagated plants and plants propagated from root cuttings: A contribution to breeding programs.

Micropropagated plants experience significant stress from rapid water loss when they are transferred from an in vitro culture to either greenhouse or field conditions. This is caused both by inefficient stomatal control of transpiration and the change to a higher light intensity and lower humidity. Understanding the physiological, vascular and biomechanical processes that allow micropropagated plants to modify their phenotype in response to environmental conditions can help to improve both field performance and plant survival.

Anatomical and morphological spine variation in Gymnocalycium kieslingii subsp. castaneum (Cactaceae).

Although spine variation within cacti species or populations is assumed to be large, the minimum sample size of different spine anatomical and morphological traits required for species description is less studied. There are studies where only 2 spines were used for taxonomical comparison amnog species. Therefore, the spine structure variation within areoles and individuals of one population of Gymnocalycium kieslingii subsp.

Long-term impact of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi on leaf traits and transpiration of branches in the Dutch elm hybrid 'Dodoens'.

To better understand the long-term impact of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier on leaf physiology in 'Dodoens', a Dutch elm disease-tolerant hybrid, measurements of leaf area, leaf dry mass, petiole anatomy, petiole hydraulic conductivity, leaf and branch water potential, and branch sap flow were performed 3 years following an initial artificial inoculation. Although fungal hyphae were detected in fully expanded leaves, neither anatomical nor morphological traits were affected, indicating that there was no impact from the fungal hyphae on the leaves during leaf expansion. In contrast, however, infected trees showed both a lower transpiration rate of branches and a lower sap flow density.

Host responses and metabolic profiles of wood components in Dutch elm hybrids with a contrasting tolerance to Dutch elm disease.

Background And Aims: Changes occurring in the macromolecular traits of cell wall components in elm wood following attack by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease (DED), are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare host responses and the metabolic profiles of wood components for two Dutch elm (Ulmus) hybrids, 'Groeneveld' (a susceptible clone) and 'Dodoens' (a tolerant clone), that have contrasting survival strategies upon infection with the current prevalent strain of DED.

Methods: Ten-year-old plants of the hybrid elms were inoculated with O.

Effects of thermal treatment on chemical, mechanical and colour traits in Norway spruce wood.

In several different branches of the wood industry heat treatment is a growing application as it changes the chemical, mechanical, physical and biological properties of wood. Investigations using wet chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and CIELab colour system have been conducted to study the changes in Norway spruce wood subjected to temperature up to 270°C over a 30 min time period. The results showed that mass loss (ML), total crystallinity index (TCI) of cellulose, total colour difference (ΔE*), and the content of lignin and extractives increased with the temperature, whereas degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), lightness difference (ΔL*), and the content of holocellulose, cellulose and hemicelluloses all decreased with the thermal treatment.

Leaf trait dissimilarities between Dutch elm hybrids with a contrasting tolerance to Dutch elm disease.

Background And Aims: Previous studies have shown that Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease (DED), is able to colonize remote areas in infected plants of Ulmus such as the leaf midrib and secondary veins. The objective of this study was to compare the performances in leaf traits between two Dutch elm hybrids 'Groeneveld' and 'Dodoens' which possess a contrasting tolerance to DED. Trait linkages were also tested with leaf mass per area (LMA) and with the reduced Young's modulus of elasticity (MOE) as a result of structural, developmental or functional linkages.

Leaf traits in parental and hybrid species of Sorbus (Rosaceae).

Premise Of The Study: Knowledge of functional leaf traits can provide important insights into the processes structuring plant communities. In the genus Sorbus, the generation of taxonomic novelty through reticulate evolution that gives rise to new microspecies is believed to be driven primarily by a series of interspecific hybridizations among closely related taxa. We tested hypotheses for dispersion of intermediacy across the leaf traits in Sorbus hybrids and for trait linkages with leaf area and specific leaf area.