The implementation of lenvatinib/everolimus or lenvatinib/pembrolizumab combinations in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

: There are 400,000 new cases of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and 175,000 deaths worldwide every year. Currently available frontline therapies to treat RCC have less toxicity than previously employed therapeutic agents, but drug resistance is still a clinically significant problem. Drug resistance occurs through angiogenic escape by the activation of pathways that are independent of the VEGF targets of most first-line therapies.

Tivozanib, a highly potent and selective inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases, for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The mutation- upregulation- transcription sequence is the principal pathway in the development of renal cell carcinoma. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors target the VEGF receptors to inhibit further growth of renal cell carcinoma tumors. Tivozanib, originally named AV-951 and KRN-951, is a novel, orally bioavailable VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is selective for VEGF receptors 1, 2 and 3.