Fixation of Proximal Third Humeral Shaft Fractures in Older Patients.

Background: Humeral shaft fractures occur frequently in older patients. The more proximal end of the shaft is prone to non-union when compared with more distal fractures. We provide an overview of several key features of this significant patient group.

ARthroscopy in Knee OsteoArthritis (ARK-OA): a multicentre study assessing compliance to national guidelines.

Introduction: The use of arthroscopy to alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis has been questioned by recent high quality evidence. This has led to the development of guidelines by specialist and national bodies advocating against its use.

Aims: To examine the trends of the rates of arthroscopy in patients with knee osteoarthritis over the past five years and determining compliance with guidelines.

Cytotoxic CD4+ T cell responses to EBV contrast with CD8 responses in breadth of lytic cycle antigen choice and in lytic cycle recognition.

EBV, a B lymphotropic herpesvirus, encodes two immediate early (IE)-, >30 early (E)-, and >30 late (L)-phase proteins during its replication (lytic) cycle. Despite this, lytic Ag-induced CD8 responses are strongly skewed toward IE and a few E proteins only, all expressed before HLA I presentation is blocked in lytically infected cells. For comparison, we examined CD4(+) T cell responses to eight IE, E, or L proteins, screening 14 virus-immune donors to overlapping peptide pools in IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, and established CD4(+) T cell clones against 12 defined epitopes for target-recognition assays.