Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

As a consequence of COI barcoding hundreds of reared specimens of what appeared to be Leurus caeruliventris, a parasitoid of leaf-rolling Crambidae (Lepidoptera) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, and matching them with their host caterpillars and morphological traits, we describe ten new sympatric species and redescribe L. caeruliventris. The new species, authored by Zuñiga & Valerio, are: Leurus billeberhardi, L.

New World Orphanostigma Guenée, 1854, including a new species from Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae).

Orphanostigma haemorrhoidalis Guenée, 1854, was described from Brazil and introduced worldwide for the biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Orphanostigma futilalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914), rev.

Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Costa Rica.

Based on an exhaustive review of the bibliography, and consultation of entomological collections around the world, we present an illustrated catalog with 16 Castniidae taxa present in Costa Rica. Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) is recorded for the first time in the country and new records are reported for rare and little-known species such as Athis analibiae (Espinoza-Sanabria & González, 2005), Athis delecta (Schaus, 1911) and Mirocastnia pyrrhopygoides smalli Miller, 1980. A taxonomic catalog of each taxon is included, as well as general information on geographic distribution, biogeography, ecology, seasonality, flight habits, material examined, and illustrations of males and females for all those taxa known from more than one specimen from Costa Rica.

Global arthropod beta-diversity is spatially and temporally structured by latitude.

Global biodiversity gradients are generally expected to reflect greater species replacement closer to the equator. However, empirical validation of global biodiversity gradients largely relies on vertebrates, plants, and other less diverse taxa. Here we assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of global arthropod biodiversity dynamics using a beta-diversity framework.

Tuning the redox profile of the 6,6'-biazulenic platform through functionalization along its molecular axis.

The potential associated with reduction of the linearly-functionalized 6,6'-biazulenic scaffold is accurately correlated to the combined Hammett parameters of the substituents over >600 mV range. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 2,2'-dichloro-substituted derivative revealed unexpectedly short C-Cl bond distances, along with other metric changes, suggesting a non-trivial cycloheptafulvalene-like structural contribution.

The Promiscuous Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase PboD from Increases the Structural Diversity of Hydroxylated Pyrroloindoline Diketopiperazines.

The potential of natural products as pharmaceutical and agricultural agents is based on their large structural diversity, resulting in part from modifications of the backbone structure by tailoring enzymes during biosynthesis. Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs), as one such group of enzymes, play an important role in the biosynthesis of diverse natural products, including cyclodipeptide (CDP) derivatives. The FMO PboD was shown to catalyze C-3 hydroxylation at the indole ring of -l-Trp-l-Leu in the biosynthesis of protubonines, accompanied by pyrrolidine ring formation.

Revision of Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Tachinidae) and 33 new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica with a key to known North and Mesoamerican species.

Background: This revision is part of a continuing series of taxonomic work aimed at the description of new taxa and the redescription of known taxa of the Tachinidae of Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Here we describe 33 new species in the genus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Tachinidae). All species described here were reared from this ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of families (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Eupterotidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae).

Amphibian diversity across three adjacent ecosystems in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

Amphibians are the most threatened species-rich vertebrate group, with species extinctions and population declines occurring globally, even in protected and seemingly pristine habitats. These 'enigmatic declines' are generated by climate change and infectious diseases. However, the consequences of these declines are undocumented as no baseline ecological data exists for most affected areas.

Yeasts from tropical forests: Biodiversity, ecological interactions, and as sources of bioinnovation.

Tropical rainforests and related biomes are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, Central and South America, Mexico, and many Pacific Islands. These biomes encompass less than 20% of Earth's terrestrial area, may contain about 50% of the planet's biodiversity, and are endangered regions vulnerable to deforestation. Tropical rainforests have a great diversity of substrates that can be colonized by yeasts.

Post-PICU sleep efficiency and quality of life in infants and toddlers with acquired brain injury.

Study Objectives: We aimed to investigate the use of sleep efficiency (SE) as a measure of sleep disturbance in infants and toddlers with acquired brain injury (ABI) and evaluate associations between SE and child health-related quality of life and family outcomes.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 101 children ages 3-36 months who survived critical care for ABI. SE was quantified from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire as a ratio of nighttime sleep to total time in bed; poor SE was defined as < 80%.

A revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Mason with the description of 30 new species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae).

The parasitoid wasp genus Mason, 1981 is revised, based on a combination of basic morphology (dichotomous key and brief diagnostic descriptions), DNA barcoding, biology (host data and wasp cocoons), and distribution data. A total of 49 species is considered; the genus is almost entirely Neotropical (48 species recorded from that region), but three species reach the Nearctic, with one of them extending as far north as 45° N in Canada. parasitizes exclusively Hesperiinae caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), mostly feeding on monocots in the families Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Heliconiaceae, and Poaceae.

Encapsulation of halocadmate anion via hydrogen bonding: synthesis and characterization of bis(diethylenetriamine)cobalt(III) complex containing hexabromocadmate anion.

In this work, the encapsulation of [CdBr] by six cations, [Co(dien)] has been described with the help of single crystal X-ray structural study in the complex, -[Co(dien)][CdBr]Br. The complex anion, [CdBr] has been obtained through solution method while attempting to synthesize complex dianion, [CdBr]. This newly synthesized complex has been initially characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic studies (IR, NMR and UV-Visible).

Biosynthesis of -Terphenyls in Implies Enzymatic Reductive Dehydration and Spontaneous Dibenzofuran Formation.

-Terphenyls contain a central benzene ring substituted with two phenyl residues at its positions. Heterologous expression of a biosynthetic gene cluster from led to the formation of four new -terphenyl derivatives. Gene deletion experiments proved the formation and reductive dehydration of the terphenylquinone atromentin, followed by O-methylation and prenylation.

Anurocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): two new species, systematics and immature stages.

Notodontidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) comprise over 4,000 described species distributed worldwide, among which nearly half are restricted to the Neotropics. Morphology of adults and immatures of Notodontidae have been broadly investigated and many larval, pupal, and adult characters were found to be synapomorphies of subfamilies and tribes. Despite this, the current classification of Notodontidae remains unsettled as most recent classification systems are contradictory due to reliance on incomplete global sampling and, many taxa, especially in the Neotropics, are still informally classified as incertae sedis.

A Flavin-Dependent Oxygenase Catalyzes Hydroxylation and Simultaneous Pyrrolidine Ring Formation in Protubonine Biosynthesis in .

The hydroxylated and diacetylated -l-Trp-l-Leu derivative (-)-protubonine B was isolated from a culture of 3.3904. Genome mining led to the identification of a putative biosynthetic gene cluster coding for a bimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase, a flavin-dependent monooxygenase, and two acetyltransferases.

A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins.

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera.

Prescription trends of antiseizure medications before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Given the lack of evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted antiseizure medication (ASM) use, we examined the trends of ASMs before and during COVID-19.

Methods: We conducted a population-based study using provincial-level health databases from Manitoba, Canada, between 1 June 2016 and 1 March 2021. We used interrupted time series autoregressive models to examine changes in the prevalence and incidence of ASM prescription rates associated with COVID-19 public health restrictions.

Cryptic biodiversity of tropical hesperiid caterpillar-attacking parasitoid wasps: three new species of Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) from Costa Rica and Perú.

Background: We describe three new species of the previously monotypic genus Townes from Central and South America: and from Costa Rica and from Peru, all of which emphasise the unknown parasitoid insect diversity yet to be revealed in the tropics.

New Information: Host relationships of the two Costa Rican species are described in detail. In addition, it is inferred that the wasps find and oviposit in the caterpillar when it is exposed at night, rather than when it is concealed during daylight hours.

More discussion of minimalist species descriptions and clarifying some misconceptions contained in Meier et al. 2021.

This is a response to a preprint version of "A re-analysis of the data in Sharkey et al.'s (2021) minimalist revision reveals that BINs do not deserve names, but BOLD Systems needs a stronger commitment to open science", https://www.biorxiv.

Characterization of cell-to-cell variation in nuclear transport rates and identification of its sources.

Nuclear transport is an essential part of eukaryotic cell function. Here, we present scFRAP, a model-assisted fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)- based method to determine nuclear import and export rates independently in individual live cells. To overcome the inherent noise of single-cell measurements, we performed sequential FRAPs on the same cell.

Evaluation in pig of an intestinal administration device for oral peptide delivery.

The bioavailability of peptides co-delivered with permeation enhancers following oral administration remains low and highly variable. Two factors that may contribute to this are the dilution of the permeation enhancer in the intestinal fluid, as well as spreading of the released permeation enhancer and peptide in the lumen by intestinal motility. In this work we evaluated an Intestinal Administration Device (IAD) designed to reduce the luminal dilution of drug and permeation enhancer, and to minimize movement of the dosage form in the intestinal lumen.

Improved Syntheses of Halogenated Benzene-1,2,3,4-Tetracarboxylic Diimides.

The preparation of halogenated benzene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic diimide derivatives is challenging because of the possibility of competitive incorrect cyclizations and SAr reactivity. Here, we demonstrate that bypassing traditional cyclic anhydrides and instead directly reacting dihalobenzene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acids with primary amines in acetic acid solvent successfully provides a range of desirable -diimide products in good yields. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sterically challenging -derivatizations can be readily achieved under microwave reactor conditions.

Crystal structures of anhydrous and hydrated -benzyl-cinchonidinium bromide.

-benzyl-cinchonidinium bromide, CHNO·Br, with the systematic name ()-[(2,4,5)-1-benzyl-5-ethenyl-1-azoniabi-cyclo-[2.2.2]octan-2-yl](quinolin-4-yl)-methanol bromide, is a quaternary ammonium salt of the alkaloid cinchonidine.