Global Crop-Specific Fertilization Dataset from 1961-2019.

As global fertilizer application rates increase, high-quality datasets are paramount for comprehensive analyses to support informed decision-making and policy formulation in crucial areas such as food security or climate change. This study aims to fill existing data gaps by employing two machine learning models, eXtreme Gradient Boosting and HistGradientBoosting algorithms to produce precise country-level predictions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus pentoxide (PO), and potassium oxide (KO) application rates. Subsequently, we created a comprehensive dataset of 5-arcmin resolution maps depicting the application rates of each fertilizer for 13 major crop groups from 1961 to 2019.

The Efficiency of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secretion by mRNA-Electroporated Regulatory T Cells Is Highly Impacted by Their Activation Status.

Genetic engineering of regulatory T cells (Tregs) presents a promising avenue for advancing immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly in autoimmune diseases and transplantation. This study explores the modification of Tregs via mRNA electroporation, investigating the influence of T-cell activation status on transfection efficiency, phenotype, and functionality. For this CD45RA Tregs were isolated, expanded, and modified to overexpress brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

Phenological divergence between plants and animals under climate change.

Climate change has altered the timing of recurring biological cycles in both plants and animals. Phenological changes may be unequal within and among trophic levels, potentially impacting the intricate interactions that regulate ecosystem functioning. Here we compile and analyse a global dataset of terrestrial phenological observations, including nearly half a million time series for both plants and animals.

Quantification of species composition in grass-clover swards using RGB and multispectral UAV imagery and machine learning.

Introduction: Growing grass-legume mixtures for forage production improves both yield productivity and nutritional quality, while also benefiting the environment by promoting species biodiversity and enhancing soil fertility (through nitrogen fixation). Consequently, assessing legume proportions in grass-legume mixed swards is essential for breeding and cultivation. This study introduces an approach for automated classification and mapping of species in mixed grass-clover swards using object-based image analysis (OBIA).

Drivers of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in hygrophytic bryophytes.

Bryophytes can both emit and take up biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) to and from the environment. Despite the scarce study of these exchanges, BVOCs have been shown to be important for a wide range of ecological roles. Bryophytes are the most ancient clade of land plants and preserve very similar traits to those first land colonisers.

The Possible Synergistic Pharmacological Effect of an Oral Berberine (BBR) and Curcumin (CUR) Complementary Therapy Alleviates Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Results from a Real-Life, Routine Clinical Practice Settings-Based Study.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, characterised by recurrent abdominal discomfort and altered bowel movements. IBS cause a significantly negative impact on quality of life (QoL). Growing pharmacological evidence suggests that berberine (BBR) and curcumin (CUR) may mitigate IBS symptoms through multiple complementary synergistic mechanisms, resulting in the attenuation of intestinal inflammation and regulation of bowel motility and gut functions.

Different profiles of soil phosphorous compounds depending on tree species and availability of soil phosphorus in a tropical rainforest in French Guiana.

Background: The availability of soil phosphorus (P) often limits the productivities of wet tropical lowland forests. Little is known, however, about the metabolomic profile of different chemical P compounds with potentially different uses and about the cycling of P and their variability across space under different tree species in highly diverse tropical rainforests.

Results: We hypothesised that the different strategies of the competing tree species to retranslocate, mineralise, mobilise, and take up P from the soil would promote distinct soil P profiles.

Directed Graph Mapping exceeds Phase Mapping for the detection of simulated 2D meandering rotors in fibrotic tissue with added noise.

Cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) are recognised to be associated with re-entry or rotors. A rotor is a wave of excitation in the cardiac tissue that wraps around its refractory tail, causing faster-than-normal periodic excitation. The detection of rotor centres is of crucial importance in guiding ablation strategies for the treatment of arrhythmia.

Soil warming increases the number of growing bacterial taxa but not their growth rates.

Soil microorganisms control the fate of soil organic carbon. Warming may accelerate their activities putting large carbon stocks at risk of decomposition. Existing knowledge about microbial responses to warming is based on community-level measurements, leaving the underlying mechanisms unexplored and hindering predictions.

Aspergillus and the Lung.

The filamentous fungus causes a wide spectrum of diseases in the human lung, with being the most pathogenic and allergenic subspecies. The broad range of clinical syndromes that can develop from the presence of in the respiratory tract is determined by the interaction between host and pathogen. In this review, an oversight of the different clinical entities of pulmonary aspergillosis is given, categorized by their main pathophysiological mechanisms.

Divergent rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial structure and function in long-term warmed steppe due to altered root exudation.

While there is an extensive body of research on the influence of climate warming on total soil microbial communities, our understanding of how rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microorganisms respond to warming remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the impact of 4 years of soil warming on the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of a temperate steppe, focusing on changes in root exudation rates and exudate compositions. We used open top chambers to simulate warming conditions, resulting in an average soil temperature increase of 1.

The antihyperlipidemic effect of a combined supplement of standardized dry extracts of amla (), walnut (), olive () and red yeast rice () powder: Reduction in circulatory low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC) levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Hyperlipidemia is associated with a higher rate of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease. Conventional drugs such as statins are effective in controlling hyperlipidemia; however, they are associated with various side effects, especially myalgia. Nutraceutical lipid-lowering interventions are becoming increasingly popular, particularly among patients who are intolerant or refractory to statins.

Design and Construction of an Experimental Setup to Enhance Mineral Weathering through the Activity of Soil Organisms.

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies on accelerating the natural process of mineral weathering in soils by manipulating the abiotic variables that govern this process, in particular mineral grain size and exposure to acids dissolved in water. EW mainly aims at reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations by enhancing inorganic carbon sequestration.

Aligning climate scenarios to emissions inventories shifts global benchmarks.

Taking stock of global progress towards achieving the Paris Agreement requires consistently measuring aggregate national actions and pledges against modelled mitigation pathways. However, national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) and scientific assessments of anthropogenic emissions follow different accounting conventions for land-based carbon fluxes resulting in a large difference in the present emission estimates, a gap that will evolve over time. Using state-of-the-art methodologies and a land carbon-cycle emulator, we align the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-assessed mitigation pathways with the NGHGIs to make a comparison.

Pooling isolates to address the diversity in antimicrobial susceptibility of in cystic fibrosis.

People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) often suffer from chronic lung infections with . While antibiotics are still commonly used to treat infections, there is a high discordance between and antibiotic efficacy, which contributes to suboptimal antibiotic therapy. In the present study, we found that isolates from the same sputum sample had highly diverse antibiotic resistance profiles [based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)], which may explain the reported discrepancy between and antibiotic efficacy.

Identification of volatile organic compounds and their sources driving ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation in NE Spain.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a crucial role in the formation of ozone (O) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We conducted measurements of VOC ambient mixing ratios during both summer and winter at two stations: a Barcelona urban background station (BCN) and the Montseny rural background station (MSY). Subsequently, we employed positive matrix factorization (PMF) to analyze the VOC mixing ratios and identify their sources.

Poleward shifts in the maximum of spring phenological responsiveness of Ginkgo biloba to temperature in China.

Global warming is advancing the timing of spring leaf-out in temperate and boreal plants, affecting biological interactions and global biogeochemical cycles. However, spatial variation in spring phenological responsiveness to climate change within species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated variation in the responsiveness of spring phenology to temperature (RSP; days to leaf-out at a given temperature) in 2754 Ginkgo biloba twigs of trees distributed across subtropical and temperate regions in China from 24°N to 44°N.

Detection and attribution of an anomaly in terrestrial photosynthesis in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Carbon dioxide (CO) uptake by plant photosynthesis, referred to as gross primary production (GPP) at the ecosystem level, is sensitive to environmental factors, including pollutant exposure, pollutant uptake, and changes in the scattering of solar shortwave irradiance (SW) - the energy source for photosynthesis. The 2020 spring lockdown due to COVID-19 resulted in improved air quality and atmospheric transparency, providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of air pollutants on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, detecting these effects can be challenging as GPP is influenced by other meteorological drivers and management practices.

Decadal soil warming decreased vascular plant above and belowground production in a subarctic grassland by inducing nitrogen limitation.

Below and aboveground vegetation dynamics are crucial in understanding how climate warming may affect terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. In contrast to aboveground biomass, the response of belowground biomass to long-term warming has been poorly studied. Here, we characterized the impacts of decadal geothermal warming at two levels (on average +3.

Soil warming duration and magnitude affect the dynamics of fine roots and rhizomes and associated C and N pools in subarctic grasslands.

Background And Aims: The response of subarctic grassland's below-ground to soil warming is key to understanding this ecosystem's adaptation to future climate. Functionally different below-ground plant organs can respond differently to changes in soil temperature (Ts). We aimed to understand the below-ground adaptation mechanisms by analysing the dynamics and chemistry of fine roots and rhizomes in relation to plant community composition and soil chemistry, along with the duration and magnitude of soil warming.

Individual and interactive effects of warming and nitrogen supply on CO fluxes and carbon allocation in subarctic grassland.

Climate warming has been suggested to impact high latitude grasslands severely, potentially causing considerable carbon (C) losses from soil. Warming can also stimulate nitrogen (N) turnover, but it is largely unclear whether and how altered N availability impacts belowground C dynamics. Even less is known about the individual and interactive effects of warming and N availability on the fate of recently photosynthesized C in soil.

Late autumn warming can both delay and advance spring budburst through contrasting effects on bud dormancy depth in Fagus sylvatica L.

The current state of knowledge on bud dormancy is limited. However, expanding such knowledge is crucial in order to properly model forest responses and feedback to future climate. Recent studies have shown that warming can decrease chilling accumulation and increase dormancy depth, thereby inducing delayed budburst in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L).