The use of a solar simulator device to standardize microbiological decontamination of contaminated water by solar disinfection by the SODIS and MB/SODIS protocols.

Consuming microbiologically-contaminated water is the primary cause of many water-borne diseases and deaths worldwide. Governments aim at providing drinking water for vulnerable populations, especially through low-cost interventions. Therefore, the solar disinfection (SODIS) of such pathogens provides a simple and cost-effective way to obtain good quality water.

Phototoxic assessment of a sunscreen formulation and its excipients: An in vivo and in vitro study.

Background: Cosmetic preservatives are used to protect cosmetic formulations and improve its shelf-life. However, these substances may exert phototoxic effects when used under sunlight.

Objective: To assess safety, efficacy and putative phototoxic effects of a sunscreen formulation SPF 30 and its excipients.