Success or failure? Pathologists persecuted under National Socialism and their careers after emigrating to the United States.

This study examines the biographies of pathologists persecuted by the National Socialists after their emigration from the German Reich to the USA. The work is based on primary sources from various archives and a systematic evaluation of secondary literature on the persons concerned. The study yields five central results: (1) Out of 118 identified persecuted pathologists, a total of 91 persons left the German Reich, 60 of them demonstrably to the USA.

Edgar von Gierke (1877-1945) - Eponym of "von Gierke disease" and double victim of National Socialism.

As recent studies on the Third Reich have shown, a two-digit number of Jewish pathologists fell victim to National Socialist repression. One of them was Edgar von Gierke. His name is nowadays best known in medicine for discovering the "von Gierke disease" - also classified as "Glycogen storage disease type I" - which he first described in 1929.

Disfranchisement, expulsion and persecution of pathologists in the Third Reich - A sociodemographic study.

This sociodemographic study focuses on the disenfranchisement, expulsion and persecution of pathologists in the Third Reich - a group that has, until now, received little systematic attention in scholarly research. The paper attempts to determine the number of pathologists who suffered persecution, the characteristics they shared, and the effects the repression had on their lives - both in the period from 1933 to 1945 and in the post-war period. The study is based on primary sources from numerous archives as well as on a systematic re-analysis of published secondary literature on the history of Nazi medicine.

"Jüdisch versippt" and "materialistic": The marginalization of Walther E. Berblinger (1882-1966) in the Third Reich.

The pathologist Walther Berblinger (1882-1966) became famous for his scientific studies on internal secretion, namely on the pathology of the pituitary and the pineal gland. The results of his research on the hormonal control of the reproductive system contributed significantly to the consolidation of the young discipline of endocrinology. His later pioneering work on the use of chemotherapeutics in tuberculosis was similarly important.

"… a life broken in two" Walter Pagel (1898-1983)-Famous pathologist and victim of Nazi Germany.

There is no doubt that Walter Pagel (1898-1983) is one of the most outstanding figures in the history of pathology. Not only his fundamental research on tuberculosis and various other fields of pathology but also his historicomedical publications set international standards and earned him numerous honors throughout the scientific world. Far less known is the fact that Pagel, as a German Jew, was one of the victims of the "Third Reich": He was dismissed from his job in Heidelberg, felt forced to emigrate in 1933 and fought for reparation after 1945.