WITHDRAWN: EMLA and Amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion.

An update of this review was initiated by Janice A Lander and Barbara Brady‐Fryer in 2011, who proposed changing the title to "Three topical anaesthetics for reduction of children's pain associated with venipuncture and intravenous cannulation". At 23 May 2013, The Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review Group (PaPaS) withdrew this review as the authors were no longer available to complete the update. Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
 Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program, Grant MacEwan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health and Community Studies, Edmonton, Canada The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.

Characteristics of patients and families who make early return visits to the pediatric emergency department.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to identify reasons why parents make early return visits, within 72 hours of discharge from a tertiary care pediatric emergency department (PED). A secondary objective was to investigate associated demographic and diagnostic variables.

Methods: A survey was conducted with a convenience sample of parents of children returning to the PED within 72 hours of discharge.

What do the parents of children who have chronic pain expect from their first visit to a pediatric chronic pain clinic?

Background: Chronic pain in childhood is increasingly recognized as a significant clinical problem. Best-practice management of pediatric chronic pain in a multidisciplinary pain clinic involves a variety of treatment modalities. It is important that parents of children treated in these settings understand the different treatment options available for their children.

Effects of breastfeeding on pain relief in full-term newborns.

Unlabelled: Breastfeeding may be useful for relieving procedural pain experienced by neonates. Researchers have compared breastfeeding against other pain relieving approaches in several studies, presenting marked methodologic heterogeneity.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of breastfeeding in reducing pain in newborns undergoing blood collection for newborn screening.

The prevalence and impact of chronic pain with neuropathic pain symptoms in the general population.

Objective: We performed a prevalence estimate of chronic pain with neuropathic pain (NeP) symptoms to determine its frequency and associations with morbidity.

Design: We conducted a telephone-based survey based upon a random sampling of both urban and rural households of the general population in one Canadian province to determine NeP prevalence and its impact upon financial well-being and quality of life.

Outcome Measures: Telephonic use of the DN4 questionnaire (DN4Q), used to identify NeP symptoms in those patients with chronic pain, was validated within selected clinical populations of chronic pain.

Patterns of research utilization on patient care units.

Background: Organizational context plays a central role in shaping the use of research by healthcare professionals. The largest group of professionals employed in healthcare organizations is nurses, putting them in a position to influence patient and system outcomes significantly. However, investigators have often limited their study on the determinants of research use to individual factors over organizational or contextual factors.

Foundations of knowledge about neonatal pain.

This review appraises trends in the neonatal pain research literature. We searched the literature produced from 1941 to 2001. Information about the model of pain, measures of pain, design, and sample characteristics is included for each citation.

Pain progression, intensity and outcomes following tonsillectomy.

The objective of this study was to assess outcomes of pediatric day surgery tonsillectomy. A total of 129 children, aged 5-16 years, and their parents were recruited from three urban hospitals which provided pediatric day surgery. Children reported pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS) in day surgery and then daily at home for 7 days.

TENS for children's procedural pain.

A 3 x 6 factorial design with a double blind and placebo control was employed to investigate the effect of TENS treatment on pain produced by venipuncture. The three treatment groups consisted of TENS, placebo-TENS and control. Subjects were blocked into six 2-year age groups (ages: 5-17 years).

Clinical judgments in pain management.

From research reports published over the last 20 years, it appears that moderate to severe uncontrolled pain may be the norm for hospitalized patients despite recent advances in the management of pain. Research on the extent of under-management of pain and the factors associated with it is examined and summarized in this paper. Methodological imperfections of the research are identified.

Management of injection pain in children.

Researchers have come to understand a great deal about pain mechanisms, especially in the past 30 years. This understanding has spawned the development of a number of psychological pain control strategies which have been extensively assessed for use with adults. Less is known about pain control strategies in children.