Effect of pulse waveforms on movement amplitudes and perceived discomfort in electric muscle stimulation in unresolved facial nerve palsy.

Studies on the effects of the pulse waveform used in electrical muscle stimulation on the activations and perceived discomfort of the waveform have been mainly executed on limb muscles with variable results, however, knowledge of these effects on facial muscles is currently lacking. We studied two waveforms, square wave and sinusoidal wavelet, for the activation of the frontalis muscle in 9 individuals with unresolved facial nerve palsy. Both waveforms produced a movement that was greater in amplitude compared with the maximal voluntary movement of the affected side in 8 participants and at least as great as the healthy side's maximal voluntary movement in 4 participants.

Emotional responses of clients to veterinarian communication style during a vaccination visit in companion animal practice.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of veterinarian communication (ie, the information provided and gaze and body direction) and vaccination style on the emotions and physiologic reactions experienced by clients and on clients' evaluation of the expertise and trustworthiness of the veterinarian. DESIGN Simulation study. PARTICIPANTS 20 small animal clients.