Sixteen-year trends in multiple lifestyle risk behaviours by socioeconomic status from 2004 to 2019 in New South Wales, Australia.

Few studies have examined trends in inequalities related to lifestyle risk behaviours. This study examined 1) 16-year (2004-2019) trends of individual lifestyle risk factors and a combined lifestyle risk index and 2) trends in socioeconomic inequalities in these risk factors, in New South Wales (NSW; Australia) adults. Data was sourced from the NSW Adult Population Health Survey, an annual telephone survey of NSW residents aged ≥16 years, totalling 191,905 completed surveys.

Improving access to public physical activity events for disadvantaged communities in Australia.

Background: Physical activity has numerous health benefits, but participation is lower in disadvantaged communities. 'parkrun' overcomes one of the main barriers for disadvantaged communities, the cost of activities, by providing a free, regular community-based physical activity event for walkers, runners and volunteers. This study assesses equity of access (in terms of distance to the nearest parkrun) stratified by socioeconomic deprivation, and identifies the optimal location for 100 new events to increase equity of access.

Placental MRI: Identification of radiological features to predict placental attachment disease regardless of reader expertise.

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of placental MRI in reporting placental adhesive disease in readers with different expertise and to identify the most reliable MRI features that predict placental pathology regardless of reader expertise.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 27 placental MRI studies by six radiologists with different expertise levels; specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were used to quantify the predictive performance of eight radiological features previously described in the literature. Histopathological evaluation was used as a diagnostic gold standard when available and the presence of the radiological features was decided by consensus.

MRI findings in-between leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma: a Rad-Path correlation of degenerated leiomyomas and variants.

Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors of the uterus. On the opposite side, leiomyosarcomas are rare malignant uterine tumors that account for a significant proportion of uterine cancer deaths. Especially when large and degenerated, leiomyomas and leiomyoma variants can have overlapping imaging characteristics with those of leiomyosarcomas.

MRI of the endometrium - from normal appearances to rare pathology.

MRI was recently included as a standard pre-operative diagnostic tool for patients with endometrial cancer. MR findings allow a better risk assessment and ultimately guides the surgical planning. Therefore, it is vital that the radiological interpretation is as accurate as possible.

Diagnostic interpretation of non-contrast qualitative MR imaging features for characterisation of uterine leiomyosarcoma.

Objective: To assess the value of non-contrast MRI features for characterisation of uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and differentiation from atypical benign leiomyomas.

Methods: This study included 57 atypical leiomyomas and 16 LMS which were referred pre-operatively for management review to the specialist gynaeoncology multidisciplinary team meeting. Non-contrast MRIs were retrospectively reviewed by five independent readers (three senior, two junior) and a 5-level Likert score (1-low/5-high) was assigned to each mass for likelihood of LMS.

Serous borderline ovarian tumours: an extensive review on MR imaging features.

Serous borderline ovarian tumours (SBOTs) are an intermediate group of neoplasms, which have features between benign and malignant ovarian tumours and for which, fertility-sparing surgery can be offered. MRI in imaging of SBOTs is, therefore, crucial in raising the possibility of the diagnosis, in order to present the patient with the most appropriate treatment options. There are characteristic MRI features that SBOTs demonstrate.

Non-contrast MRI can accurately characterize adnexal masses: a retrospective study.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of interpretation of a non-contrast MRI protocol in characterizing adnexal masses.

Methods And Materials: Two hundred ninety-one patients (350 adnexal masses) who underwent gynecological MRI at our institution between the 1 of January 2008 and the 31 of December 2018 were reviewed. A random subset (102 patients with 121 masses) was chosen to evaluate the reproducibility and repeatability of readers' assessments.

Differentiating uterine sarcoma from leiomyoma: BETTER Check!

Although rare, uterine sarcoma is a diagnosis that no one wants to miss. Often benign leiomyomas (fibroids) and uterine sarcomas can be differentiated due to the typical low T2 signal intensity contents and well-defined appearances of benign leiomyomas compared to the suspicious appearances of sarcomas presenting as large uterine masses with irregular outlines and intermediate T2 signal intensity together with possible features of secondary spread. The problem is when these benign lesions are atypical causing suspicious imaging features.

Can Inhibitory Training Produce Reductions in Drinking? Evaluating the Influence of the Control Condition.

Objective: Training in an inhibitory control task has produced reductions in alcohol use among heavy drinkers. However, the longevity of effects remains unknown, and much research has used suboptimal control conditions. Here, we assess the effectiveness of "Beer-NoGo" inhibitory training to reduce consumption up to 4 weeks after training compared with a "Beer-Go" control task, an online version of the Brief Alcohol Intervention (BAI), and an Oddball control condition.

Verbal Learning and Memory in Cannabis and Alcohol Users: An Event-Related Potential Investigation.

Long-term heavy use of cannabis and alcohol are known to be associated with memory impairments. In this study, we used event-related potentials to examine verbal learning and memory processing in a commonly used behavioral task. We conducted two studies: first, a small pilot study of adolescent males, comprising 13 Drug-Naive Controls (DNC), 12 heavy drinkers (HD) and 8 cannabis users (CU).

Current forms of inhibitory training produce no greater reduction in drinking than simple assessment: A preliminary study.

Background: Disinhibition is apparent in users of many substances, including heavy drinkers. Previous research has shown that brief training to improve inhibitory control is associated with reduced alcohol consumption. We investigated whether a new form of inhibitory training would produce greater reductions, relative to a carefully designed control condition and a proven method of reducing consumption, the Brief Alcohol Intervention (BAI).

Error detection and behavioural inhibition in young heavy drinkers.

Background: Increases in inhibitory errors in heavy drinkers are established; less well-studied is whether heavy drinkers are aware of these errors in performance. Reductions in error detection and awareness limit the possibility for remedial action to be taken, and have implications for substance abusers seeking to control use: failure to monitor and/or adjust ongoing behaviour may be linked to using more or more often than intended, and failing to adjust behaviour after a slip. Here we report the first study of both inhibitory control and error awareness in young heavy drinkers, using behavioural and psychophysiological measures.

Feedforward consequences of isometric contractions: effort and ventilation.

The onset of voluntary muscle contractions causes rapid increases in ventilation and is accompanied by a sensation of effort. Both the ventilatory response and perception of effort are proportional to contraction intensity, but these behaviors have been generalized from contractions of a single muscle group. Our aim was to determine how these relationships are affected by simultaneous contractions of multiple muscle groups.

Sex differences in the relationship between heavy alcohol use, inhibition and performance monitoring: Disconnect between behavioural and brain functional measures.

Previous research has reported mixed evidence of sex differences in the relationship between heavy alcohol use and deficits in behavioural control. Here, we examine sex differences in behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) markers of deficient inhibition. Participants were 71 young adults aged 18-21, who either drank heavily regularly (i.

Female but not male young heavy drinkers display altered performance monitoring.

Difficulties in monitoring ongoing behaviour may be linked to real-life problematic drinking behaviours. Prior research suggests female heavy drinkers in particular display greater cognitive control deficits. Here, we examine trial-to-trial behavioural adaptations in a conflict monitoring task, relative to drinking behaviour and sex.

Temporal assessment of pancreatic blood flow and perfusion following secretin stimulation using noninvasive MRI.

Purpose: To dynamically quantify pancreatic perfusion and flow within the arteries supplying the pancreas in response to secretin stimulation.

Materials And Methods: Twelve healthy male subjects were scanned at 1.5T with arterial spin labeling to measure tissue perfusion and phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure vessel flow.

Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis.

Aims: Deficits in behavioural inhibitory control are attracting increasing attention as a factor behind the development and maintenance of substance dependence. However, evidence for such a deficit is varied in the literature. Here, we synthesised published results to determine whether inhibitory ability is reliably impaired in substance users compared to controls.

Evidence of deficits in behavioural inhibition and performance monitoring in young female heavy drinkers.

Background: New models of the development and maintenance of substance abuse give increasing importance to the role of deficits in inhibitory function. Much of the evidence to support this claim comes from male participants, despite some researchers showing greater disinhibition in females. Clearly, more research on female heavy drinkers is warranted.

CNV resolution does not cause NoGo anteriorisation of the P3: a failure to replicate Simson et al.

For 35 years, some researchers have argued that CNV resolution may affect or even produce the increased P3 for NoGo compared to Go trials, and thus that no 'inhibitory' NoGo P3 exists. This is based on the work of Simson et al. (1977b), the scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual Go/NoGo tasks.

Parafac and go/no-go: disentangling CNV return from the P3 complex by trilinear component analysis.

It has been proposed that the fronto-central difference between go-P3 and no-go P3 is due to motor-related negativity overlapping P3 in the go case and positive relaxation of such negativity overlapping P3 in the no-go case, and that this motor-related activation may be identified by its having the same topography as the preceding CNV. Testing these suggestions meets with the problem of how to validly distinguish between P3 and the assumed overlapping continuing or downsweeping CNV. Distinguishing between overlapping components is a major reason why principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied, but the major criterion of conventional rotations (Varimax and Promax) is avoiding overlap.

Motor and non-motor inhibition in the Go/NoGo task: an ERP and fMRI study.

The contribution of movement-related activity to Go/NoGo ERP differences has been debated for 25 years. In this study, we examined ERP and fMRI measures of activity in twenty adults performing non-motor (count) and motor (right-handed button press) trials of the Go/NoGo task. Task performance was highly accurate and similar in the ERP and fMRI environments.

To go or not to go, that is the question: do the N2 and P3 reflect stimulus- or response-related conflict?

Several studies have linked increases in the N2 and P3 components to response conflict, evoked when multiple incompatible responses are simultaneously activated. However, these studies confound a change of response with a change of stimulus identity, and often a change in stimulus probability also. In two experiments, additional trial types were presented, which signified a change of stimulus, but still demanded the expected response.