ChatGPT for Addressing Patient-centered Frequently Asked Questions in Glaucoma Clinical Practice.

Purpose: Large language models such as ChatGPT-3.5 are often used by the public to answer questions related to daily life, including health advice. This study evaluated the responses of ChatGPT-3.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in the diagnosis of ocular disease.

Clinical imaging provided by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its variant, OCT-angiography (OCT-A), has revolutionised eyecare practice. The imaging techniques allow for the identification and quantification of ocular structures, supporting the diagnosis and prognosis of eye disease. In this review, an overview of the usefulness of OCT-A imaging in the diagnosis and management of a range of ocular conditions is provided when used in isolation or in combination with other imaging modalities and measures of visual function (visual field results).

Characterisation of the normal human ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer using widefield optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To describe variations in ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in a healthy cohort from widefield optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.

Methods: Widefield OCT scans spanning 55° × 45° were acquired from 470 healthy eyes. The GCIPL was automatically segmented using deep learning methods.

Derivation of human retinal cell densities using high-density, spatially localized optical coherence tomography data from the human retina.

This study sought to identify demographic variations in retinal thickness measurements from optical coherence tomography (OCT), to enable the calculation of cell density parameters across the neural layers of the healthy human macula. From macular OCTs (n = 247), ganglion cell (GCL), inner nuclear (INL), and inner segment-outer segment (ISOS) layer measurements were extracted using a customized high-density grid. Variations with age, sex, ethnicity, and refractive error were assessed with multiple linear regression analyses, with age-related distributions further assessed using hierarchical cluster analysis and regression models.

High sampling resolution optical coherence tomography reveals potential concurrent reductions in ganglion cell-inner plexiform and inner nuclear layer thickness but not in outer retinal thickness in glaucoma.

Purpose: To analyse optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer retinal complex (ORC) measurements relative to ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements in glaucoma.

Methods: Glaucoma participants (n = 271) were categorised by 10-2 visual field defect type. Differences in GCIPL, INL and ORC thickness were calculated between glaucoma and matched healthy eyes (n = 548).

Prediction of visual field defects from macular optical coherence tomography in glaucoma using cluster analysis.

Purpose: To assess the accuracy of cluster analysis-based models in predicting visual field (VF) defects from macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements in glaucomatous and healthy cohorts.

Methods: GCIPL measurements were extracted from posterior pole optical coherence tomography (OCT), from locations corresponding to central VF test grids. Models incorporating cluster analysis methods and corrections for age and fovea to optic disc tilt were developed from 493 healthy participants, and 5th and 1st percentile limits of GCIPL thickness were derived.

Prediction of Retinal Ganglion Cell Counts Considering Various Displacement Methods From OCT-Derived Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness.

Purpose: To compare various displacement models using midget retinal ganglion cell to cone (mRGC:C) ratios and to determine viability of estimating RGC counts from optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements.

Methods: Four Drasdo model variations were applied to macular visual field (VF) stimulus locations: (1) using meridian-specific Henle fiber length along the stimulus circumference; (2) using meridian-specific differences in RGC receptive field and counts along the stimulus circumference; (3) per method (2), averaged across principal meridians; and (4) per method (3), with the stimulus center displaced only. The Sjöstrand model was applied (5) along the stimulus circumference and (6) to the stimulus center only.

Clinical Evaluations of Macular Structure-Function Concordance With and Without Drasdo Displacement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare concordance between ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) data from the Cirrus optical coherence tomographer (OCT) Ganglion Cell Analysis (GCA) and visual fields (VFs), with and without Drasdo displacement.

Methods: From 296 open-angle glaucoma participants, GCIPL deviation and raw thickness data were extracted over locations per the 10-2 VF test grid, with and without application of Drasdo displacement, with global and eccentricity-dependent sensitivities and specificities calculated for both. With OCT and VF data classified as within or outside normative limits, pattern deviation values were compared using paired t-tests and Spearman correlations.

Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer measurements derived from widefield compared to montaged 9-field optical coherence tomography.

Clinical Relevance: With equivalent inner retinal thickness measurements compared to a more conventional composite optical coherence tomography (OCT) protocol, Widefield optical coherence tomography (WF-OCT) is a clinically viable, time-saving option facilitating detection of ocular pathologies within the central 55° of the retina.

Purpose: To compare ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses obtained using a single WF-OCT scan and standard composite OCT scans acquired in 9 fields of gaze (9F-OCT).

Methods: Thirteen healthy participants underwent WF-OCT and 9F-OCT using the Spectralis OCT.

Intra-session repeatability of anterior chamber depth across the chamber width using Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging in healthy subjects.

Purpose: Despite the importance of anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements in disease and ageing, the repeatability and their threshold for change is not known. Our purpose was to determine the intra-session repeatability of Pentacam Scheimpflug photography for measuring the ACD across the chamber width in healthy subjects and thus inform expected limits of normality.

Methods: Pentacam Scheimpflug photography was used to obtain ACD measurements at 57 points across the central 8mm of the chamber width from one randomly selected eye of 130 healthy (normal vision and no ocular diseases, except age-normal cataracts) subjects (median age 58.

Clinical Trial: Diurnal IOP Fluctuations in Glaucoma Using Latanoprost and Timolol with Self-Tonometry.

Significance: Assessment of treatment efficacy via comparison with a target IOP is fundamental in monitoring patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. This article highlights that diurnal IOP fluctuations obtained using self-tonometry may more accurately reflect IOP responses to therapy.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate fluctuations in diurnal IOP measurements in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension treated with latanoprost 0.

Topical Review: Assessment of Binocular Sensory Processes in Low Vision.

This article summarizes the evidence for a higher prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions in individuals with vision impairment. Assessment for and identification of binocular vision dysfunctions can detect individuals experiencing difficulties in activities including reading, object placement tasks, and mobility.Comprehensive vision assessment in low vision populations is necessary to identify the extent of remaining vision and to enable directed rehabilitation efforts.

Custom extraction of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness more precisely co-localizes structural measurements with visual fields test grids.

We aimed to evaluate methods of extracting optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measurements over retinal locations corresponding to standard visual field (VF) test grids. A custom algorithm was developed to automatically extract GCIPL thickness measurements from locations corresponding to Humphrey Field Analyser 10-2 and 30-2 test grids over Goldmann II, III and V stimulus sizes from a healthy cohort of 478 participants. Differences between GCIPL thickness measurements based on VF test grids (VF-based paradigms) and the 8 × 8 grid, as per instrument review software, were analyzed, as were impacts of fovea to optic disc tilt and areas over which GCIPL thickness measurements were extracted.

Cluster analysis reveals patterns of age-related change in anterior chamber depth for gender and ethnicity: clinical implications.

Purpose: To identify patterns of age-, gender- and refractive- related changes in Scheimpflug-based anterior chamber depth across the central 8 mm of chamber width, to derive normative models, potentially useful for angle closure disease diagnosis.

Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Scheimpflug photography was used to obtain anterior chamber depth measurements at 57 points across the central 8 mm of the chamber width from one eye of each healthy subject (male Caucasians (n = 189), female Caucasians (n = 186), male Asians (n = 165) and female Asians (n = 181)).

Normal aging changes in the choroidal angioarchitecture of the macula.

The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) has been shown to be sensitive in detecting changes in choroidal angioarchitecture in a range of ocular diseases. However, changes in CVI in association with normal physiological aging and spatial distribution remains to be determined. This is significant as a range of ocular conditions with choroidal degeneration are associated with aging.

Macula Ganglion Cell Thickness Changes Display Location-Specific Variation Patterns in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of individuals with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using grid-wise analysis for macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) volume scans. We also aim to validate the use of age-correction functions for GCL thickness in diseased eyes.

Methods: OCT macular cube scans covering 30° × 25° were acquired using Spectralis spectral-domain OCT for 87 eyes with intermediate AMD, 77 age-matched normal eyes, and 254 non-age-matched normal eyes.

Modeling Changes in Corneal Parameters With Age: Implications for Corneal Disease Detection.

Purpose: To apply computational methods to model normal age-related changes in corneal parameters and to establish their association with demographic factors, thereby providing a framework for improved detection of subclinical corneal ectasia (SCE).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: One hundred seventeen healthy participants were enrolled from Centre for Eye Health (Sydney, Australia).

Development of a Spatial Model of Age-Related Change in the Macular Ganglion Cell Layer to Predict Function From Structural Changes.

Purpose: To develop location-specific models of normal, age-related changes in the macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) from optical coherence tomography (OCT). Using these OCT-derived models, we predicted visual field (VF) sensitivities and compared these results to actual VF sensitivities.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.