Testes size, vaginal complexity, and behavior in toothed whales (odontocetes): Arms race or tradeoff model for dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.)?

Sexual selection influences both genital diversity and mating behaviors, yet the integrated coevolution of pre- (behavioral) and postcopulatory (anatomical) traits in both sexes has received little attention. Traits could potentially evolve through an arms race model of escalations in male persistence and female resistance, and/or through a tradeoff model of inverse correlations between investments in pre- and postcopulatory traits. Pre- and postcopulatory traits of dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) were compared with bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.

Enrichment options for African painted dogs (Lycaon pictus).

Best practices for carnivore enrichment encourage the diversity of species-typical behaviors, increased activity, and reduced stereotypic behavior; ideally considering the life-history and behavior of each species. African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), or painted dogs, are social carnivores that have large home ranges and complex pack dynamics (e.g.