Antimicrobial use in patients at the end of life in an Australian hospital.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is increasing and there is an urgent international imperative to optimise use within hospitals. Antibiotic use at the end of life is frequent in the hospital setting, but data on use in Australian hospitals in this context is limited, and optimisation is complicated by clinical/diagnostic, ethical and humanistic considerations. As yet there is little data available on baseline use in hospital end of life settings, an empirical gap we sought to begin to fill here.

Health maintenance practices and healthcare experiences among international university students.

Background And Purpose: While over a million international students attend U.S. universities, there is little information to guide providers on their care.

Identifying and Addressing Problems for Student Progression in Midwifery Clinical Education.

Identifying challenges to progression for a health care profession student who is not meeting expectations in a busy clinical practice can be challenging yet can lead to assisting the student toward success. Preceptor preparation includes acquiring knowledge about the student's education program, understanding federal regulations designed to protect students, gathering background information about a student, learning to provide feedback, structuring the clinical experience, and completing student evaluations. Students in health care professions may have difficulties with cognitive, affective, or psychomotor learning, and the clinical preceptor can identify problems for student progression within these learning domains.

Poor HPV vaccine-related awareness and knowledge among Utah Latinas overdue for recommended cancer screenings.

Individuals overdue for recommended cancer screenings may not be receiving adequate cancer prevention education. Since Latinas have the highest incidence of cervical cancer among all racial/ethnic groups, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination education is especially important for this population. The correlates of HPV vaccine-related awareness and knowledge were assessed among Latinas who were overdue for recommended cancer screenings.

Exploring the Psychosocial Predictors of Gestational Diabetes and Birth Weight.

Objective: To determine the best sociodemographic and behavioral predictors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and birth weight (BW) and whether stress, depression, or abuse influences GDM and BW after controlling for sociodemographic variables.

Design: Retrospective correlational.

Setting: Utah Pregnancy Risk Monitoring System and birth certificate data.

Duration of Maternal Stress and Depression: Predictors of Newborn Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Postpartum Depression.

Background: Maternal psychosocial factors contribute to adverse pregnancy outcome, but very few studies have assessed associations of duration and experiences of stress, depression, and intimate partner violence (IPV) with maternal and newborn outcomes.

Objectives: It was hypothesized that duration and level of maternal stress, depression, and IPV would predict increased risk of adverse maternal/newborn outcomes.

Methods: A secondary data analysis of a population-based data set collected by the Utah Department of Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System and birth certificates for 4682 live births was conducted, reflecting a total population size of 143,373 live births in 2009-2011.

Risk factors for urinary catheter associated bloodstream infection.

Objectives: Urinary catheter associated bloodstream infection (UCABSI) causes significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. We aimed to define the risk factors for UCABSI.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted at two Australian tertiary hospitals.

The "Latina epidemiologic paradox": contrasting patterns of adverse birth outcomes in U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinas.

Background: The "Latina epidemiologic paradox" postulates that despite socioeconomic disadvantages, Latina mothers have a lower risk for delivering low birth weight (LBW) babies than non-Latina Whites. However, these patterns may be changing over time and may differ depending on the mother's birthplace and legal status in the United States. This study investigates differences in risk for three birth outcomes among Whites, U.

Alterations in microbiota and fermentation products in equine large intestine in response to dietary variation and intestinal disease.

We aimed to determine the effects of variations in dietary composition on equine gut microbiota and their fermentation products, and proposed that dietary modifications profoundly affect microbial ecosystems and their metabolites. Bacterial communities within the large intestine of three groups of horses were compared using oligonucleotide-RNA hybridisation methodology. Each group consisting of six horses was maintained on (1) a grass-only diet, (2) a concentrate diet (i.

Relationship of social network size to infant birth weight in Hispanic and non-Hispanic women.

The "Latina paradox" describes the phenomenon of women born in Mexico having their babies in the US deliver fewer low birth weight babies than White US born women. Social support and networks have been suggested as factors in this paradox. Network size was included in Utah's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey (PRAMS) for 4 years.

Adaptive response of equine intestinal Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) to an increase in dietary soluble carbohydrate.

Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of hydrolyzable carbohydrate, hCHO (grain), by horses is an important risk factor for colic, a common cause of equine mortality. It is unknown whether the small intestinal capacity to digest hCHO and/or to absorb monosaccharides is limiting, or even if horses can adapt to increased carbohydrate load. We investigated changes in the brush-border membrane carbohydrate digestive enzymes and glucose absorptive capacity of horse small intestine in response to increased hCHO.

Cervical cancer screening practices of certified nurse-midwives in the United States.

The purpose of this study was to determine how closely certified nurse-midwives in the United States follow contemporary cervical cancer screening guidelines. A survey was sent to 264 randomly selected certified nurse-midwives. Survey questions included demographics and clinical scenarios addressing initiation, frequency, and cessation of screening.

T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1.

Dietary sugars are transported from the intestinal lumen into absorptive enterocytes by the sodium-dependent glucose transporter isoform 1 (SGLT1). Regulation of this protein is important for the provision of glucose to the body and avoidance of intestinal malabsorption. Although expression of SGLT1 is regulated by luminal monosaccharides, the luminal glucose sensor mediating this process was unknown.

The human colonic monocarboxylate transporter Isoform 1: its potential importance to colonic tissue homeostasis.

Background & Aims: Butyrate serves as the major source of energy for colonic epithelial cells, and has profound effects on their proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Transport of butyrate across the colonocyte luminal membrane is mediated by the monocarboxylate transporter, MCT1; the expression of which is down-regulated dramatically during colon carcinogenesis. We have proposed that the decline in MCT1 expression during colon carcinogenesis may reduce the intracellular availability of butyrate required to regulate expression of genes associated with the processes maintaining tissue homeostasis within the colonic mucosa.

Evaluation of glucose tolerance and intestinal luminal membrane glucose transporter function in horses with equine motor neuron disease.

Objective: To confirm whether the plasma glucose concentration curve obtained during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in horses with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is decreased, compared with that obtained in clinically normal horses, and determine whether that decrease is a result of defective glucose metabolism or intestinal glucose transport dysfunction.

Animals: 8 horses with EMND and 44 matched control horses.

Procedure: Electromyography and OGTTs were performed in all 8 affected horses and 10 control horses.

Glucose sensing in the intestinal epithelium.

Dietary sugars regulate expression of the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter, SGLT1, in many species. Using sheep intestine as a model, we showed that lumenal monosaccharides, both metabolisable and nonmetabolisable, regulate SGLT1 expression. This regulation occurs not only at the level of transcription, but also at the post-transcriptional level.