Horizontal transmission of HIV-1 infection in a child: With phylodynamic evidence-case study.

Mother-to-child transmission is the predominant mode of transmission of HIV infection in children. Occasionally, horizontal transmission has also been reported. We report a child who was diagnosed HIV positive at the age of 3.

A case of Italian HIV type 2 infection: a genetic analysis.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), originally restricted to Western Africa, is now spreading to Western European countries because of migration from endemic areas. Therefore, it is mandatory to enforce the surveillance and improve the diagnostics of this neglected infection. In this report, we describe a case of HIV-2 infection affecting an Italian citizen along with three cases from India.

HIV-2 amino acid substitutions in Gag and Env proteins occurring simultaneously with viral load upsurge in a drug-naïve patient.

It has been reported that the peptides of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) most frequently recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes are firstly in Gag and secondly in Env proteins. In the present case study, we attempted to observe amino acid substitutions in Gag and Env proteins and related parameters possibly associated with an increase in HIV-2 load. A sudden, eightfold, increase in HIV-2 load occurred in a drug-naïve patient with human leukocyte antigen-B*5801 during the last phase of a longitudinal observation period from months 29 to 40.

Antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-2 infection--a new therapeutic dilemma.

HIV-2 drug resistance in a case of dual HIV infection presents a formidable challenge to the treating physician. We report a patient with dual infection on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) since March 2001 presented with clinical failure. Laboratory assays showed undetectable HIV-1 viral RNA copies, but with low CD4 count.

HIV and tuberculosis: partners in crime.

Background: Tuberculosis is the commonest infection detected in HIV-infected individuals worldwide.

Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the clinical, bacteriologic and radiological spectrum of tuberculosis (TB) in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai.

Methods: A total of 8640 HIV-infected individuals were screened for tuberculosis routinely from January 1998 to December 2003, using clinical examination, chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography, sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium.

Introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in the Philippines.

The aim of this study was to describe and document the first case of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) in the Philippines by using serological and molecular techniques and to compare the diversity of this strain to that of strains from other countries. With the introduction of HIV-2 into the country and the presence of diversified strains of HIV-1, the use of highly sensitive assays to detect all these strains is recommended.