Endoscopic Cubital Tunnel Release in Leprosy Neuritis of the Ulnar Nerve.

 To better characterize the role of endoscopic cubital tunnel release in leprosy neuritis and determine whether there is an improvement in pain, sensitivity, and strength with the use of this minimally invasive technique.  A total of 44 endoscopic procedures for ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow were performed in patients who were previously diagnosed with leprosy neuritis. The inclusion criteria were surgical indication for ulnar nerve release and clinical treatment failure for 4 weeks in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who had their ulnar nerve function, whether motor or sensitive, deteriorated progressively despite the treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day and physiotherapy.

Future of Endoscopic Ear Surgery.

Endoscopic ear surgery has gained popularity in recent years, becoming standard practice in otology centers around the world as an adjunct to conventional microscopic surgery and as a sole tool for limited disease. During the last years, technical improvements and growing expertise in the handling of the endoscope allowed introducing an exclusive endoscopic approach to the middle ear, lateral skull base, middle cranial fossa, and posterior fossa/cerebellopontine angle pathologies. Endoscopic instrumentation, techniques, and knowledge have improved during the last few years, and in the future, endoscopic surgical techniques will gain even more importance in otologic surgery.

"M" line: New anatomical landmark for the maxillary sinus natural ostium.

Objective: Describe a reliable anatomical landmark that can be used to locate the maxillary sinus natural ostium (MSNO) during endoscopic surgery, even if the uncinate process is preserved.

Design: Descriptive anatomical.

Setting: An anatomical and radiological study was performed to evaluate the consistency of the landmark, denominated "M" line.

Morphology of nerve endings in vocal fold of human newborn.

Sensory receptors are distributed throughout the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Laryngeal sensitivity is crucial for maintaining safe swallowing, thus avoiding silent aspiration. Morphologic description of different receptor types present in larynx vary because of the study of many different species, from mouse to humans.