Cytokines and Chemokines Are Detectable in Swivel-Derived Exhaled Breath Condensate (SEBC): A Pilot Study in Mechanically Ventilated Patients.

Unlabelled: . Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive method to collect samples from the respiratory tract. Usually, a thermoelectric cooling module is required to collect sufficient EBC volume for analyses.

Antibiotic-Induced Within-Host Resistance Development of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Patients Receiving Selective Decontamination or Standard Care.

Objective: To quantify antibiotic-associated within-host antibiotic resistance acquisition rates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species from lower respiratory tract samples of ICU patients receiving selective digestive decontamination, selective oropharyngeal decontamination, or standard care.

Design: Prospective cohort.

Setting: This study was nested within a cluster-randomized crossover study of selective digestive decontamination and selective oropharyngeal decontamination in 16 ICUs in The Netherlands.

Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: a randomized clinical trial.

Importance: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) and selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) are prophylactic antibiotic regimens used in intensive care units (ICUs) and associated with improved patient outcome. Controversy exists regarding the relative effects of both measures on patient outcome and antibiotic resistance.

Objective: To compare the effects of SDD and SOD, applied as unit-wide interventions, on antibiotic resistance and patient outcome.

Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: dose-dependent suppression of leukocyte and endothelial response after endotoxin challenge in humans.

Objective: We studied the activity of a single oral dose of RWJ-67657, a synthetic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, in preventing dual leukocyte/endothelial activation after endotoxin infusion in healthy volunteers.

Design: Prospective placebo-controlled study.

Setting: Intensive care unit at a university medical center.