The importance of context information for the spatial specificity of gaze cueing.

In three experiments, we investigated the spatial allocation of attention in response to central gaze cues. In particular, we examined whether the allocation of attentional resources is influenced by context information-that is, the presence or absence of reference objects (i.e.

On the relation between spontaneous perspective taking and other visuospatial processes.

Common processes and representations engaged by visuospatial tasks were investigated by looking at four frequently used visuospatial research paradigms, the aim being to contribute to a better understanding of which specific processes are addressed in the different paradigms compared. In particular, the relation between spontaneous and instructed perspective taking, as well as mental rotation of body-part/non-body-part objects, was investigated. To this end, participants watched animations that have been shown to lead to spontaneous perspective taking.

I see what you mean: how attentional selection is shaped by ascribing intentions to others.

The ability to understand and predict others' behavior is essential for successful interactions. When making predictions about what other humans will do, we treat them as intentional systems and adopt the intentional stance, i.e.

Influences of spontaneous perspective taking on spatial and identity processing of faces.

Previous research suggests that people, when interacting with another agent, are sensitive to the other's visual perspective on the scene. The present study investigated how spontaneously another's different spatial perspective is taken into account and how this affects the processing of jointly attended stimuli. Participants viewed upright or inverted faces alone, next to another person (same spatial perspective), or opposite another person (different spatial perspectives) while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded.

Ocular tracking of biological and nonbiological motion: the effect of instructed agency.

Recent findings suggest that visuomotor performance is modulated by people's beliefs about the agency (e.g., animate vs.

Assimilation and contrast: the two sides of specific interference between action and perception.

Perception and action have long been treated as relatively independent and serial processes. More recent views, however, consider perception and action as relying on a common set of processes and/or representations. The present paper will focus on a variety of specific (content-based) perception-action interactions that have been taken as support for such views.

Exploring the building blocks of social cognition: spontaneous agency perception and visual perspective taking in autism.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders have highly characteristic impairments in social interaction and this is true also for those with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome (AS). These social cognitive impairments are far from global and it seems likely that some of the building blocks of social cognition are intact. In our first experiment, we investigated whether high functioning adults who also had a diagnosis of AS would be similar to control participants in terms of their eye movements when watching animated triangles in short movies that normally evoke mentalizing.

Observing fearful faces leads to visuo-spatial perspective taking.

A number of recent studies suggested that visuo-spatial perspective taking (VSPT) occurs spontaneously when viewing either a human body or an action by an agent. However, it remains unclear whether VSPT is caused by the observation of an (potential) action or occurs because the observer infers from certain cues that another mind is present (whether actions/action cues are displayed or not). To examine whether action cues are necessary for VSPT, we presented to participants human faces without a torso, that is: stimuli that indicated the presence of another mind, without providing action (effector) cues.

Has someone moved my plate? The immediate and persistent effects of object location changes on gaze allocation during natural scene viewing.

In this study, we investigated the immediate and persisting effects of object location changes on gaze control during scene viewing. Participants repeatedly inspected a randomized set of naturalistic scenes for later questioning. On the seventh presentation, an object was shown at a new location, whereas the change was reversed for all subsequent presentations of the scene.

What part of an action interferes with ongoing perception?

Recent studies have demonstrated specific interference effects between concurrent perception and action. In the following we address the possible causes of such effects by employing a continuous paradigm in which participants were asked to produce movements in a specified direction and to judge the direction of a concurrently presented stimulus motion. In such paradigms, a repulsion of the perceived by the produced movement direction is typically observed.

How the presence of persons biases eye movements.

We investigated modulation of gaze behavior of observers viewing complex scenes that included a person. To assess spontaneous orientation-following, and in contrast to earlier studies, we did not make the person salient via instruction or low-level saliency. Still, objects that were referred to by the orientation of the person were visited earlier, more often, and longer than when they were not referred to.

Irrelevant words trigger an attentional blink.

It has been argued that salient distractor items displayed during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) trigger an attentional blink (AB) when they share features with the target item. Here we demonstrate that salient distractor words induce an AB independently of feature overlap with the target. In two experiments a color-highlighted irrelevant word preceded a target by a variable lag in an RSVP series of false font strings.

Agency attribution and visuospatial perspective taking.

We tested whether processes that evoke agency interpretations and mental state attributions also lead to adoption of the actor's visuospatial perspective by the observer. Agency and mental state interpretations were manipulated by showing different film clips involving two triangles (the Frith-Happé animations). Participants made speeded spatial decisions while watching these films.

On interference effects in concurrent perception and action.

Recent studies have reported repulsion effects between the perception of visual motion and the concurrent production of hand movements. Two models, based on the notions of common coding and internal forward modeling, have been proposed to account for these phenomena. They predict that the size of the effects in perception and action should be monotonically related and vary with the amount of similarity between what is produced and perceived.

The effect of fearful faces on the attentional blink is task dependent.

In a set of three rapid serial visual presentation experiments, we investigated the effect of fearful and neutral face stimuli on the report of trailing scene targets. When the emotional expression of the face stimuli had to be indicated, fearful faces induced a stronger attentional blink (AB) than did neutral faces. However, with identical physical stimulation, the enhancement of the AB by fearful faces disappeared when participants had to judge the faces' gender.

Animated triangles: an eye tracking investigation.

We presented three types of animations on an eye tracking monitor to 31 adult participants. In line with previous work, verbal descriptions of these animations indicate that one type (theory of mind or ToM) evokes mental state attributions, while another type (random) does not, with an intermediate category (goal-directed) evoking a moderate amount of mental state attributions. We expected longer fixations with greater depth of processing, which we assume is required for mental state attributions.

Acting while perceiving: assimilation precedes contrast.

To explore the nature of specific interactions between concurrent perception and action, participants were asked to move one of their hands in a certain direction while simultaneously observing an independent stimulus motion of a (dis)similar direction. The kinematics of the hand trajectories revealed a form of contrast effect (CE) in that the produced directions were biased away from the perceived directions ("Experiment 1"). Specifically, the endpoints of horizontal movements were lower when having watched an upward as opposed to a downward motion.

Seeing while moving: measuring the online influence of action on perception.

The online influence of movement production on motion perception was investigated. Participants were asked to move one of their hands in a certain direction while monitoring an independent stimulus motion. The stimulus motion unpredictably deviated in a direction that was either compatible or incompatible with the concurrent movement.