Diagnostic Utility of MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Cancers.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a serious malignant tumor with a high mortality rate, mainly due to late diagnosis and a lack of effective therapeutic interventions. The possibility of recognizing this cancer with reliable biomarkers using minimally invasive methods is of great importance for improving early detection, prognostic assessment, and targeted treatment methods. In recent years, small non-coding RNAs, especially microRNAs, have emerged as promising candidates for biomarkers of pancreatic cancer.

Metabolic and Immune System Dysregulation: Unraveling the Connections between Alzheimer's Disease, Diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes mellitus (DM), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic conditions affecting millions globally. Despite differing clinical symptoms, these diseases share pathophysiological mechanisms involving metabolic and immune system dysregulation. This paper examines the intricate connections between these disorders, focusing on shared pathways such as insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysregulation, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation.

The Role of α-Synuclein in Etiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

A presynaptic protein called α-synuclein plays a crucial role in synaptic function and neurotransmitter release. However, its misfolding and aggregation have been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Emerging evidence suggests that α-synuclein interacts with various cellular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, which contributes to neuronal cell death.

Associations between Microglia and Astrocytic Proteins and Tau Biomarkers across the Continuum of Alzheimer's Disease.

Recent investigations implicate neuroinflammatory changes, including astrocyte and microglia activation, as crucial in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) Thus, we compared selected proteins reflecting neuroinflammatory processes to establish their connection to AD pathologies. Our study, encompassing 80 subjects with ( = 42) AD, ( = 18) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and ( = 20) non-demented controls compares the clinical potential of tested molecules. Using antibody-based methods, we assessed concentrations of NGAL, CXCL-11, sTREM1, and sTREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Common and Trace Metals in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases.

Trace elements and metals play critical roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), and their dysregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In a healthy CNS, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese play vital roles as enzyme cofactors, supporting neurotransmission, cellular metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Imbalances in these trace elements can lead to oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby contributing to neurodegeneration.

Molecular Aspects of a Diet as a New Pathway in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the world. Lack of an established pathology makes it difficult to develop suitable approaches and treatment for the disease. Besides known hallmarks, including amyloid β peptides cumulating in plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau forming NFTs, inflammation also plays an important role, with known connections to the diet.