The change in handgrip strength, after physical exercise, is moderated by digit ratio (2D:4D): A study among the young adults in Poland.

Background: The digit ratio (2D:4D), the ratio of the lengths of second (2D) to the fourth (4D) fingers, is a proxy indicator of prenatal androgen exposure. On average, males display lower 2D:4D than females. Previous studies have shown that lower 2D:4D ratios were associated with better sports and physical abilities.

Secular change in heights of rural adults in west-central poland between 1986 and 2016: The transition from pre- to post-communism.

Secular change in the heights of adult men and women resident in ten rural communities in west-central Poland in four decennial surveys between 1986 and 2016 is considered. The adults were parents of children attending schools in rural communities in the province of Poznań. During each survey, parents of school children were asked to complete a questionnaire which requested their ages, heights and completed levels of education.

Body size and three estimates of skeletal age: Relationships with strength and motor performance among male soccer players 9-12 and 13-16 years.

Objective: To estimate the associations between height, weight, and three estimates of skeletal age (SA) and the strength and motor performance of male soccer players in two chronological age (CA) groups, 9-12 (n = 60) and 13-16 (n = 52) years.

Methods: Height, weight, strength (grip), speed (5 m, 20 m sprints), acceleration (time at crossing 10 m in 20 m sprint), agility (figure-of-eight run), power (vertical jump), and endurance (intermittent shuttle run) were measured. SA was assessed with the TW2 RUS, TW3 RUS, and Fels methods; each SA was expressed as the standardized residual of the regression of SA on CA (SAsr).

Influence of body size and skeletal maturity status on strength and motor performances of soccer players 9-16 years.

The contributions of height, weight and skeletal age (SA) to strength and motor performances of male soccer players 9-12 (n = 60) and 13-16 (n = 52) years were estimated. SA was assessed with the Fels method, and was expressed as the standardized residual of the regression of SA on chronological age CA (SAsr). Static strength (right + left grip), speed (5 m, 20 m sprints), acceleration (10 to 20 m), agility (figure-of-eight run), explosive strength (vertical jump) and endurance (yo-yo intermittent shuttle run, 13-16 years only) were measured.

Ages at peak height velocity in male soccer players 11-16 years: relationships with skeletal age and comparisons among longitudinal studies.

Estimated ages at take-off (TO) and at peak height velocity (PHV) based on two models and maturity status based upon age at PHV and skeletal age (SA) were compared in a longitudinal sample of male soccer players. In addition, estimated ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players were compared. The longitudinal height records of 58 players of European ancestry, measured annually on four or five occasions between 11 and 16 years, were modeled with Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) and Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) to estimate ages at TO and PHV.

Characteristics of external loads of Hockey5s associated with the new version of U16 youth field hockey competition.

External workloads associated Hockey 5 s, the new version of youth field hockey, were evaluated in 31 elite U16 male field players (15.4 ± 0.7 years) from three national teams.

Skeletal age assessed by TW2 using 20-bone, carpal and RUS score systems: Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement among male pubertal soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to determine intra- and inter-observer agreement for the three skeletal ages derived from the TW2 method among male pubertal soccer players. The sample included 142 participants aged 11.0-15.

Characteristics of select and non-select U15 male soccer players.

Baseline characteristics of 31 healthy male U15 soccer players who were classified as select or non-select at the end of the season were compared. Players were 14.4 ± 0.

Weight status of rural school youth in Poland: secular change 1986-2016.

The objective of this study was to evaluate secular changes in the Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight status of rural children and adolescents in west-central Poland across decennial surveys spanning 1986 and 2016. Participants were 8,677 boys and girls 7-15 years attending schools in 10 rural communities in 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016. Heights and weights were measured; BMIs were calculated.

Physical Fitness of Rural Polish School Youth: Trends Between 1986 and 2016.

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate secular changes in the physical fitness of rural school youth, 7-15 years, in west-central Poland between 1986 and 2016.

Methods: The fitness of cross-sectional samples of school youth resident in the same 10 communities was evaluated in 4 decennial surveys: 1986-1417 boys/1326 girls; 1996-979 boys/947 girls; 2006-871 boys/843 girls; and 2016-1189 boys/1105 girls. Five tests evaluated speed (5-m run), agility (figure 8 run), explosive power (vertical jump), flexibility (stand and reach), and cardiovascular fitness (modified Harvard step test).

Characteristics of Selected Somatic and Motor Abilities of Youth Soccer Players with Diabetes Type 1 Treated with Insulin Pump Therapy.

Long-term insulin treatment can slow the growth process and decrease physical fitness level in children. In diabetic children, these two developments should be constantly monitored. The aim of the present study was to examine differences in somatic and physical fitness characteristics between soccer-training boys with type 1 diabetes and healthy boys of the same age (reference values based on Polish population norms for somatic and motor parameters).

Growth and maturity status of young male table tennis players.

A maturity-associated gradient among adolescent athletes in many sports tends to favour early maturing participants. This study was aimed to describe inter-individual variance in growth and skeletal maturation among male youth table tennis. The sample included 99 players registered in competitive clubs for at least 2 years.

Secular change in height and weight of rural school children and youth in west-central Poland: 1986 to 2016.

Objective: To evaluate secular changes in the heights and weights of rural school youth in west-central Poland across decennial surveys of the same communities spanning 1986 and 2016.

Methods: Heights and weights of school youth 7 to 15 years in 10 rural communities in the vicinity of the city of Poznań were measured in 1986 (1417 boys, 1326 girls), 1996 (979 boys, 947 girls), 2006 (871 boys, 843 girls), and 2016 (1189 boys, 1105 girls). Descriptive statistics for sex-specific single year chronological age groups were calculated by survey, while the sample was partitioned into three age groups (7-9, 10-12, 13-15 years) for detailed analysis of changes across surveys using sex-specific ANCOVA with age and age as covariates.

Bio-Banding in Youth Sports: Background, Concept, and Application.

Inter-individual differences in size, maturity status, function, and behavior among youth of the same chronological age (CA) have long been a concern in grouping for sport. Bio-banding is a recent attempt to accommodate maturity-associated variation among youth in sport. The historical basis of the concept of maturity-matching and its relevance to youth sport, and bio-banding as currently applied are reviewed.

Internal and External Loads During Hockey 5's Competitions Among U16 Players.

Konarski, JM, Konarska, A, Strzelczyk, R, Skrzypczak, M, and Malina, RM. Internal and external loads during Hockey 5's competitions among U16 players. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3199-3206, 2021-The purpose of the study was to characterize the external and internal loads associated with Hockey 5's, the modified small-sided format of competition for U16 field hockey introduced in 2014.

Assessment of Safety and Glycemic Control During Football Tournament in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes-Results of GoalDiab Study.

Purpose: To assess glycemic control and safety of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes participating in a 2-day football tournament.

Methods: In total, 189 children with type 1 diabetes from 11 diabetes care centers, in Poland, participated in a football tournament in 3 age categories: 7-9 (21.2%), 10-13 (42.

Skeletal maturity and oxygen uptake in youth soccer controlling for concurrent size descriptors.

Interrelationships among skeletal maturity status, body size, ventilator thresholds (VT) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were considered in 47 adolescent male soccer players aged 12.5-15.4 years.

Non-linear relationships between the BMI and physical fitness in Polish adolescents.

Background: Comparisons of physical fitness in normal weight and overweight/obese youth generally highlight the negative consequences of an elevated BMI. In contrast, several studies of children and adolescents highlight the importance of variation in indicators of physical fitness across the full spectrum of BMIs from low through high.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate relationships between specific physical fitness items and the BMI among youth.

Iron Metabolism in Field Hockey Players During an Annual Training Cycle.

Post-physical training changes in iron metabolism in the human body often occur. To fully describe these processes, fifteen male Polish National Team field hockey players (age 27.7 ± 5.

[Physical fitness of short children from the rural area].

Introduction: In past decades we May observe in Poland the secular trend of somatic features as Wall as the phenomenon of maturity processes acceleration. On the other side physical fitness research results are diversified and are the results of multiple factors influence. From population of children, among which appear the effects of secular trend in somatic parameters we may mark the group of children diversified with body build from, as called "evolutionary norm" which may be described as short children.