Heart Failure Results in Inspiratory Muscle Dysfunction Irrespective of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

Background: Exercise intolerance in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) results from both cardiac dysfunction and skeletal muscle weakness. Respiratory muscle dysfunction with restrictive ventilation disorder may be present irrespective of left ventricular ejection fraction and might be mediated by circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Objective: To determine lung and respiratory muscle function in patients with HFrEF/HFpEF and to determine its associations with exercise intolerance and markers of systemic inflammation.

Respiratory Muscle and Lung Function in Lung Allograft Recipients: Association with Exercise Intolerance.

Background: In lung transplant recipients (LTRs), restrictive ventilation disorder may be present due to respiratory muscle dysfunction that may reduce exercise capacity. This might be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Objective: We investigated lung respiratory muscle function as well as circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and exercise capacity in LTRs.