An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers.

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ∼12,000 y B.P. This shift is hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a decline in physiological health as inferred from skeletal remains.

Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe.

Europe's prehistory oversaw dynamic and complex interactions of diverse societies, hitherto unexplored at detailed regional scales. Studying 271 human genomes dated ~4900 to 1600 BCE from the European heartland, Bohemia, we reveal unprecedented genetic changes and social processes. Major migrations preceded the arrival of "steppe" ancestry, and at ~2800 BCE, three genetically and culturally differentiated groups coexisted.

Further development of the content of the national part of the Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017 in its supplements from the point of view of drug preparation in pharmacies.

The paper deals with developing the national part of the Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017 (CL 2017) in its supplements from 2018, 2019, and 2020. It focuses on the preparation of medicinal products in pharmacies. The possibilities of further developing the national part of the CL 2017 to accelerate the necessary changes in its content are also discussed.

Mapping past human land use using archaeological data: A new classification for global land use synthesis and data harmonization.

In the 12,000 years preceding the Industrial Revolution, human activities led to significant changes in land cover, plant and animal distributions, surface hydrology, and biochemical cycles. Earth system models suggest that this anthropogenic land cover change influenced regional and global climate. However, the representation of past land use in earth system models is currently oversimplified.

Population and forest dynamics during the Central European Eneolithic (4500-2000 BC).

The population boom-and-bust during the European Neolithic (7000-2000 BC) has been the subject of lively discussion for the past decade. Most of the research on this topic was carried out with help of summed radiocarbon probability distributions. We aim to reconstruct population dynamics within the catchment of a medium sized lake on the basis of information on the presence of all known past human activities.

Spatio-temporal modelling as a way to reconstruct patterns of past human activities.

This paper examines the possibilities of creating quantified models of past human activities in both time and space. The study area lies in the southeastern Czech Republic and western Slovakia. The spatio-temporal model of behavioural categories was calculated with the help of Monte Carlo simulations and statistical testing.

The origin of grasslands in the temperate forest zone of east-central Europe: long-term legacy of climate and human impact.

The post-glacial fate of central European grasslands has stimulated palaeoecological debates for a century. Some argued for the continuous survival of open land, while others claimed that closed forest had developed during the Middle Holocene. The reasons behind stability or changes in the proportion of open land are also unclear.

A dark-light transition triggers expression of the floral promoter CrFTL1 and downregulates CONSTANS-like genes in a short-day plant Chenopodium rubrum.

The proper timing of flowering is essential for the adaptation of plant species to their ever-changing environments. The central position in a complex regulatory network is occupied by the protein FT, which acts as a florigen. We found that light, following a permissive period of darkness, was essential to induce the floral promoter CrFTL1 and to initiate flowering in seedlings of the short-day plant Chenopodium rubrum L.

[Genetic transformation of Nicotiana tabacum L. by Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying genes in the melatonin biosynthesis pathway and the enhancement of antioxidative capability in transgenic plants].

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase(HIOMT) are the key regulation enzymes in the melatonin biosynthesis pathway in mammals. The AANAT and HIOMT genes were constructed into a binary plant expression vector YXu55. Using leaf strips as the recipiences, we efficiently transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) variety qinyan 95 by the Agrobacterium mediated method.

Two flowering locus T (FT) homologs in Chenopodium rubrum differ in expression patterns.

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) like genes are crucial regulators (both positive and negative) of flowering in angiosperms. We identified two FT homologs in Chenopodium rubrum, a short-day species used as a model plant for the studies of photoperiodic flower induction. We found that CrFTL1 gene was highly inducible by a 12-h dark period, which in turn induced flowering.

Reduction of mineral nutrient availability accelerates flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The time of flowering is regulated by various environmental cues, and in some plant species, it is known to be affected by abiotic stresses. We investigated the effect of nutrient stress caused by an abrupt reduction of mineral nutrition on flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana. We used a hydroponic culture system that enabled us to precisely control nutrient levels.

Melatonin in higher plants: occurrence and possible functions.

Melatonin may be ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. This review considers the evaluation of methods of melatonin determination in plant material and possible melatonin functions in plants. Concerning the determination methods, the only reliable techniques are liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry or gas chromatography--mass spectrometry after some purification steps of the extract.