Tibiopedal and distal femoral retrograde vascular access for challenging chronic total occlusions: predictors for technical success, and complication rates in a large single-center cohort.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of tibiopedal and distal femoral access for retrograde crossing of chronic total occlusion (CTO) in Rutherford stage III to VI peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and to determine factors that correlate with technical success.

Material And Methods: One hundred seventy-one consecutive patients were included in this retrospective study. Rutherford stages were III, IV, and V/VI in 24%, 8%, and 67% of patients.

Whole body vibration during fracture healing intensifies the effects of estradiol and raloxifene in estrogen-deficient rats.

Current osteoporosis therapies aim to delay bone destruction and have additional anabolic effects. While they have demonstrated some positive effects on bone healing, more progress is needed in this area. This study used the well-known osteoporotic agents estrogen (E) and raloxifene (R) in conjunction with biomechanical whole body vibration (WBV) at a frequency of 70 Hz twice daily for six weeks to stimulate bone healing.