Measuring critical force in sport climbers: a validation study of the 4 min all-out test on finger flexors.

Purpose: The critical force (CF) concept, differentiating steady and non-steady state conditions, extends the critical power paradigm for sport climbing. This study aimed to validate CF for finger flexors derived from the 4 min all-out test as a boundary for the highest sustainable work intensity in sport climbers.

Methods: Twelve participants underwent multiple laboratory visits.

Metabolic demands of slacklining in less and more advanced slackliners.

Walking or balancing on a slackline has gained increasing popularity as a recreational and school sport, and has been found to be suitable for developing neuromuscular control. The metabolic requirements for neuromuscular control on slackline, however, have not been well described. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the metabolic demands of slacklining in less and more advanced slackliners.

The Estimation of Critical Angle in Climbing as a Measure of Maximal Metabolic Steady State.

Sport climbing is a technical, self-paced sport, and the workload is highly variable and mainly localized to the forearm flexors. It has not proved effective to control intensity using measures typical of other sports, such as gas exchange thresholds, heart rate, or blood lactate. Therefore, the purposes of the study were to (1) determine the possibility of applying the mathematical model of critical power to the estimation of a critical angle (CA) as a measure of maximal metabolic steady state in climbing and (2) to compare this intensity with the muscle oxygenation breakpoint (MOB) determined during an exhaustive climbing task.

Effect of Climbing Speed on Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Oxygen Saturation Dynamics in the Finger Flexors.

Purpose: Although sport climbing is a self-paced whole-body activity, speed varies with climbing style, and the effect of this on systemic and localized oxygen responses is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine muscle and pulmonary oxygen responses during submaximal climbing at differing speeds of ascent.

Methods: Thirty-two intermediate and advanced sport climbers completed three 4-minute-long ascents of the same route at 4, 6, and 9 m·min-1 on a motorized climbing ergometer (treadwall) on separate laboratory visits.

Isolated finger flexor vs. exhaustive whole-body climbing tests? How to assess endurance in sport climbers?

Purpose: Sport climbing requires high-intensity finger flexor contractions, along with a substantial whole-body systemic oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O) contribution. Although fatigue is often localised to the finger flexors, the role of systemic ̇[Formula: see text]O and local aerobic mechanisms in climbing performance remains unclear. As such, the primary purpose of this study was to determine systemic and local muscle oxygen responses during both isolated finger flexion and incremental exhaustive whole-body climbing tests.

Psychophysiological responses to treadwall and indoor wall climbing in adult female climbers.

The purpose of the study was to compare the psychophysiological response of climbers of a range of abilities (lower grade to advanced) when ascending identical climbing routes on a climbing wall and a rotating treadwall. Twenty-two female climbers (31.2 ± 9.

Effect of Height on Perceived Exertion and Physiological Responses for Climbers of Differing Ability Levels.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological responses for climbers of different abilities completing an identical route low and high above the ground.

Materials And Methods: Forty-two male ( = 18) and female ( = 24) sport climbers divided into three groups, lower-grade ( = 14), intermediate ( = 14), and advanced climbers ( = 14), completed two visits to a climbing gym, separated by 7 days. In a random order, the climbers completed a close-to-the-ground ascent (treadwall) and climb to height (climbing gym).

The effects of body weight loss and gain on arterial hypertension control: an observational prospective study.

Background: Body weight changes are associated with significant variations in blood pressure (BP). Body mass modifications may, therefore, influence hypertension control in primary care.

Methods: Patients with a history of essential arterial hypertension were observed for 12 months.

[Epidemiologic data of hyperuricaemia prevalence in the conditions of primary care in Slovakia].

Hyperuricaemia represents nowaday the new risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence data and its treatment in our patient's population are still missing. Literature data shows, that its prevalence differs in various populations significantly from 4% up to 40% with race and geographical means.

[Epidemiologic data of hyperuricaemia prevalence in the conditions of primary care in Slovakia].

Unlabelled: Hyperuricaemia represents nowaday the new risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence data and its treatment in our patient´s population are still missing. Literature data shows, that its prevalence differs in various populations significantly from 4 % up to 40 % with race and geographical means.

[The effect of adding phytosterol to hypolipidemic therapy with statins on the size of lipoprotein particles in patients with very high cardiovascular risk].

Despite significant improvement in the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases their global risk and proportion of their clinical forms remains very high. Still the large part of the patients cannot reach the estimated target lipid levels despite statin therapy. Low adherence to preventive programmes with physical training and diet leads to progression of the pathological process of atherothrombosis.

Polypharmacy in elderly hospitalised patients in Slovakia.

Objective: The aims of the present study were to: analyse the prevalence of polypharmacy in a group of older patients; evaluate the influence of hospital stay on the number of drugs taken; assess the most frequently prescribed pharmacological classes; identify risk factors that predisposed the patient to polypharmacy. Setting The study was carried out in the Department of Internal Medicine of a non-university general hospital.

Method: In the retrospective study, 600 patients aged 65 years or more were enrolled.