Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci spp. isolates from bloodstream infections in Australian children, 2013 - 2021.

Background: Rising proportions of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been observed in both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. isolates.

Methods: The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) surveillance program captures clinical and microbiological data of isolates detected in blood cultures across Australia.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Bloodstream Infections in Australian Children, 2013-2021.

Background: Gram-negative bloodstream infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children. Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is reported globally, yet efforts to track pediatric AMR at a national level over time are lacking.

Methods: The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) surveillance program captures clinical and microbiological data of isolates detected in blood cultures across Australia.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance surveillance outcome programs - bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns from patients less than 18 years of age, January 2020 - December 2021.

From 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021, thirty-eight institutions across Australia submitted data to the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) from patients aged < 18 years (AGAR-Kids). Over the two years, 1,679 isolates were reported from 1,611 patients. This AGAR-Kids report aims to describe the population of children and adolescents with bacteraemia reported to AGAR and the proportion of resistant isolates.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Surveillance Outcome Program (GnSOP) Bloodstream Infection Annual Report 2022.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric gram-negative pathogens. The 2022 survey was the tenth year to focus on blood stream infections caused by Enterobacterales, and the eighth year where Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species were included. Fifty-five hospitals Australia-wide participated in 2022.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Surveillance Outcome Program (GnSOP).

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric gram-negative pathogens. The 2021 survey was the ninth year to focus on bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacterales, and the seventh year where Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species were included. The 2021 survey tested 8,947 isolates, comprising Enterobacterales (8,104; 90.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Sepsis Outcome Programme (GnSOP) Annual Report 2020.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric gram-negative pathogens. The 2020 survey was the eighth year to focus on bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacterales, and the sixth year in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species were included. Eight thousand seven hundred and fifty-two isolates, comprising Enterobacterales (7,871, 89.

Worldwide distribution and environmental origin of the Adelaide imipenemase (AIM-1), a potent carbapenemase in .

Carbapenems are potent broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics reserved for the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria such as . The surge in resistant to carbapenems is an urgent threat, as very few treatment options remain. Resistance to carbapenems is predominantly due to the presence of carbapenemase enzymes.

Inactivation, removal, and regrowth potential of opportunistic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in recycled water systems.

With two thirds of the global population living in areas affected by water scarcity, wastewater reuse is actively being implemented or explored by many nations. There is a need to better understand the efficacy of recycled water treatment plants (RWTPs) for removal of human opportunistic pathogens and antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Here, we used a suite of probe-based multiplex and SYBR green real-time PCR assays to monitor enteric opportunistic pathogens (EOPs; Acinetobacter baumannii, Arcobacter butzlieri, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella spp.

Absence of high priority critically important antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella sp. isolated from Australian commercial egg layer environments.

The development of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens is a growing public health concern. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica isolated from the Australian commercial egg layer industry. S.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Sepsis Outcome Programme (GNSOP) Annual Report 2019.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric gram-negative pathogens. The 2018 survey was the sixth year to focus on bloodstream infections, and included Enterobacterales, and species. Eight thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven isolates, comprising Enterobacterales (7,983; 90.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Sepsis Outcome Programme (GNSOP) Annual Report 2018.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric gram-negative pathogens. The 2018 survey was the sixth year to focus on bloodstream infections, and included Enterobacterales, and species. Eight thousand three hundred and fifty isolates, comprising Enterobacterales (7,512, 90.

Progress towards a coordinated, national paediatric antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme: Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcal and Gram-negative bacteraemia in Australia.

Background: There is increasing knowledge of antimicrobial usage in children yet limited availability of nationally representative paediatric-specific data on antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives: Paediatric data from this national surveillance programme are presented to explore differences between childhood and adult bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

Methods: Using information collected from a prospective coordinated antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme, children ≤18 years and adults >18 years with a positive blood culture for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Sepsis Outcome Programme (GNSOP) Annual Report 2017.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric Gram-negative pathogens. The 2017 survey was the fifth year to focus on blood stream infections, and included Enterobacterales, and species. Seven thousand nine hundred and ten isolates, comprising Enterobacterales (7,100, 89.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis Outcome Programme (ASSOP) Annual Report 2015.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric Gram-negative pathogens. The 2015 survey was the third year to focus on blood stream infections, and included Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Seven thousand three hundred and thirty species, comprising Enterobacteriaceae (6,567, 89.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Sepsis Outcome Programme(GNSOP) Annual Report 2015.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric Gram-negative pathogens. The 2015 survey was the third year to focus on blood stream infections, and included Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Seven thousand three hundred and thirty species, comprising Enterobacteriaceae (6,567, 89.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme(AESOP) Annual Report 2015.

From 1st January to 31st December 2015, 31 Australian institutions participated in the Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2015 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the Enterococcus faecium isolates. Of the 1,009 unique episodes of bacteraemia investigated, 95.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Sepsis Outcome Programme (GNSOP) Annual Report 2016.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric Gram-negative pathogens. The 2016 survey was the fourth year to focus on blood stream infections, and included Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Seven thousand five hundred and sixty-five species, comprising Enterobacteriaceae (6,750, 89.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of and spp. Isolates From Healthy Pigs in Australia: Results of a Pilot National Survey.

This study investigated the frequency of antimicrobial non-susceptibility (defined as the frequency of isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations above the CLSI susceptible clinical breakpoint) among and spp. isolated from healthy Australian finisher pigs. ( = 201) and spp.

Superbugs in the supermarket? Assessing the rate of contamination with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacteria in fresh Australian pork and chicken.

Background: Antibiotic misuse in food-producing animals is potentially associated with human acquisition of multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥ 3 drug classes) bacteria via the food chain. We aimed to determine if MDR Gram-negative (GNB) organisms are present in fresh Australian chicken and pork products.

Methods: We sampled raw, chicken drumsticks (CD) and pork ribs (PR) from 30 local supermarkets/butchers across Melbourne on two occasions.

Phylogenetic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence characteristics of phylogroup F Escherichia coli in Australia.

Unlike Escherichia coli strains belonging to phylogroup B2, the clinical significance of strains belonging to phylogroup F is not well understood. Here we report on a collection of phylogroup F strains recovered in Australia from faeces and extra-intestinal sites from humans, companion animals and native animals, as well as from poultry meat and water samples. The distribution of sequence types was clearly non-random with respect to isolate source.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Australian Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis Outcome Programme annual report, 2014.

From 1 January to 31 December 2014, 27 institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2014 was to determine the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that are antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on susceptibility to methicillin and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the isolates. Overall, 18.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme annual report, 2014.

From 1 January to 31 December 2014, 27 institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2014 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the Enterococcus faecium isolates. Of the 952 unique episodes of bacteraemia investigated, 94.

Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Australian Enterobacteriaceae Sepsis Outcome Programme annual report, 2014.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric Gram-negative pathogens. The 2014 survey was the second year to focus on blood stream infections. During 2014, 5,798 Enterobacteriaceae species isolates were tested using commercial automated methods (Vitek 2, BioMérieux; Phoenix, BD) and results were analysed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (January 2015).

Improved Synthesis of Biotinol-5'-AMP: Implications for Antibacterial Discovery.

An improved synthesis of biotinol-5'-AMP, an acyl-AMP mimic of the natural reaction intermediate of biotin protein ligase (BPL), is reported. This compound was shown to be a pan inhibitor of BPLs from a series of clinically important bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and kinetic analysis revealed it to be competitive against the substrate biotin. Biotinol-5'-AMP also exhibits antibacterial activity against a panel of clinical isolates of S.

Enterobacteriaceae Sepsis Outcome Programme annual report, 2013.

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric Gram-negative pathogens. The 2013 survey focussed for the first time on blood stream infections. Four thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight Enterobacteriaceae species were tested using commercial automated methods (Vitek® 2, BioMérieux; Phoenix™, BD).