Online Calibration of Inertial Sensors Based on Error Backpropagation.

Global satellite navigation systems (GNSSs) are the most-used technology for the localization of vehicles in the outdoor environment, but in the case of a densely built-up area or during passage through a tunnel, the satellite signal is not available or has poor quality. Inertial navigation systems (INSs) allow localization dead reckoning, but they have an integration error that grows over time. Inexpensive inertial measurement units (IMUs) are subject to thermal-dependent error and must be calibrated almost continuously.

Homogeneous Sensor Fusion Optimization for Low-Cost Inertial Sensors.

The article deals with sensor fusion and real-time calibration in a homogeneous inertial sensor array. The proposed method allows for both estimating the sensors' calibration constants (i.e.

GNSS Based Low-Cost Magnetometer Calibration.

With the development of MEMS sensors, the magnetometer has increasingly become a part of various wearable devices. The magnetometer measures the intensity of the magnetic field in all three axes, resulting in a 3D vector-direction and power. Calibration must be done before using a magnetometer, especially in wearable electronics, due to the low quality of the sensor and high proximity to other electromagnetic emission sources.