The role of the major viral pathogens in a respiratory disease outbreak of broiler flocks in Eastern Iran.

Background: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 are major viral pathogens in broiler respiratory disease.

Aims: Following a respiratory disease outbreak and economic losses in eastern Iran 2020-2021, we investigated the role of major viral pathogens and the implemented vaccination programs.

Methods: Thirty-six respiratory disease affected broiler flocks in South Khorasan province were sampled, molecularly tested, and coinfections were investigated.

Use of Worms to Produce Peptone for Vaccine Production.

Concurrent with an increase in the human population on the earth, more than ever, the creation of energy and maintenance of health is necessary, and nowadays, various sources of energy supply are being developed. The general global view in this regard is to provide protein and energy from available and cheap sources. Iran is no exception to this general rule, only in the field of ensuring the health of livestock resources every year, about 10 tons of peptone is needed for producing clostridial vaccines.

Evaluation of Cholera Toxin Adjuvanticity Effect on the Production of Specific Antibodies Induced by Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine in Chickens.

Cholera toxin (CT) is one of the most well-known immunostimulants. Mammalian studies have shown that CT can generate immune responses against antigen. However, it has not exhibited a definite effect on poultry yet.

Structural view of insulin adsorption on the multiple sizes of Cu nanoparticles; molecular dynamics simulation study.

Copper nanoparticles with different sizes cause significant changes in humans, and their interaction with biological molecules such as proteins is one of molecular biology's most critical and difficult challenges. One of the valuable tools for understating the mechanisms of different protein-nanoparticle interactions are molecular dynamics simulations. The present work attempts to understand how insulin interaction mechanisms Cu nanoparticles of different sizes (2, 6, and 10 nm) may occur with the molecular dynamics simulations methods.