Global and mitosis-specific interobserver variation in mitotic count scoring and implications for malignant melanoma staging.

Aims: Staging is the gold standard for predicting malignant melanoma outcome but changes in its criteria over time indicate ongoing evolution. One notable recent change from the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual was removal of mitotic count. We explore the extent to which this feature is limited by interobserver error in order to find ways to improve its fitness for use should it be revisited in future staging versions.

Incidence Trends of Lip, Oral Cavity, and Pharyngeal Cancers: Global Burden of Disease 1990-2017.

The worldwide incidence trends of the lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers (LOCPs) need to be updated. This study aims to examine the temporal incidence trends of LOCPs from 1990 to 2017, using the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data to explore sex, age, and regional differences. GBD incidence data for LOCPs were driven by population cancer registries and were estimated from mortality data.

Potential Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Condomless-Sex-Concentrated PrEP in KwaZulu-Natal Accounting for Drug Resistance.

Introduction: Oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the form of tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate/emtricitabine is being implemented in selected sites in South Africa. Addressing outstanding questions on PrEP cost-effectiveness can inform further implementation.

Methods: We calibrated an individual-based model to KwaZulu-Natal to predict the impact and cost-effectiveness of PrEP, with use concentrated in periods of condomless sex, accounting for effects on drug resistance.

Challenges and Solutions for Improved Oral Health: Examples from Motivational Interviewing Trials.

Irrespective of country, socially disadvantaged children experience greater levels of preventable dental disease than their more socially advantaged peers. Motivational interviewing (MI) is recognized as a potential intervention tool for reducing prevalence of child dental disease. The challenges of implementing MI in 4 trials involving socially vulnerable children are highlighted in this commentary, with some potential solutions offered.

Data quality of drug-resistant tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapy electronic registers in South Africa.

Background: To assess the quality and completeness of treatment and outcome data in the electronic tuberculosis (TB) and antiretroviral treatment (ART) registers in drug-resistant (DR-) TB patients at three treatment facilities in South Africa.

Methods: We did a retrospective cohort study using routinely-collected data from DR-TB registers of rifampicin resistant adults (≥18 years old), on ART, initiating DR-TB treatment between January 2012 and December 2013. We linked patient information from the DR-TB register to the ART register using patient identifiers and an algorithm based on string edit distance and date of birth.

Validation of the Health Literacy in Dentistry scale in Brazilian adults.

Objectives: To perform cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Health Literacy Dental scale (HeLD) in Brazilian adults.

Methods: The HeLD instrument was translated and cross-culturally adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language to create longer (HeLD-29) and shorter (HeLD-14) versions. The reliability and validity of these versions were assessed in a sample of 603 adults living near six primary care units in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

Follow-up of Intervention to Prevent Dental Caries Among Indigenous Children in Australia: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: For an intervention delivered in early childhood to have meaningful translational effect, long-term follow-up is necessary, especially among underserved indigenous children among whom preventable dental disease is common.

Objectives: To test the long-term effectiveness of an early-childhood dental intervention through a follow-up at age 5 years among Aboriginal children in Australia.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial followed up on participants of the Baby Teeth Talk Study, a 2-group parallel, outcome assessor-blinded, randomized clinical trial conducted among Aboriginal children in South Australia, Australia.

Is There an Association between Breastfeeding and Dental Caries among Three-Year-Old Australian Aboriginal Children?

An unresolved question about breastfeeding is its effect on caries, in particular, early childhood caries (ECC). In secondary analyses of data from an ECC intervention, we describe breastfeeding among Aboriginal children and associations between breastfeeding and ECC. Breastfeeding (duration and exclusivity to six months) was grouped into mutually exclusive categories.

Influence of oral health literacy on dissatisfaction with oral health among older people.

Objective: To investigate the influence of oral health literacy (OHL) and associated factors on dissatisfaction with oral health (DOH) among older people.

Background: Oral health literacy is a recent field of research that has been considered an important mediator between socioeconomic variables and oral health outcomes. However, there are few studies with older people.

Ethnic-racial identity affirmation: Validation in Aboriginal Australian children.

Introduction: Positive attitudes towards ethnic-racial identity (ERI) is a key factor in Aboriginal Australian children's development. The present study aims to offer evidence of construct and criterion validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of a brief measure of Aboriginal children's ERI affirmation.

Methods: Data was from 424 children aged 10-12 years (mean 10.

Decay of Thermal Tolerance in Queensland Fruit Fly Eggs (Bactrocera tryoni, Diptera: Tephritidae) Following Non-Lethal Heat Hardening.

Quarantine disinfestation treatments for Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)) have been developed which use high temperatures to kill preimaginal life stages within fruit prior to export. However, thermal tolerance of individuals can be increased if they are exposed to elevated temperatures before disinfestation treatment. The rate that this thermal conditioning decays after exposure, and the effect of temperature on this decay process, were investigated.

Private Dental Care Benefits Non-Indigenous Children More Than Indigenous Children.

Introduction: Various arrangements for funding health care facilities can have different levels of performance of care provision on different groups of people. Such differential performance of oral care is not previously known concerning Indigenous communities.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of visiting a public or private dental care facility on the performance of oral care experienced by Indigenous versus non-Indigenous children in Australia.

Effects of racism on the socio-emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal Australian children.

Background: Racism is a pervasive experience in the life of Aboriginal Australians that begins in childhood. As a psychosocial stressor, racism compromises wellbeing and impacts developmental trajectories. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the effect of racism on indicators of Australian Aboriginal child socio-emotional wellbeing (SEWB) at one to two years after exposure.

Does ethnic-racial identity modify the effects of racism on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal Australian children?

Objectives: This study investigates the protective role of ethnic-racial identity (ERI) affirmation on the longitudinal association between racism and Aboriginal Australian children's social and emotional well-being (SEWB).

Methods: 408 children from the K-Cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children were included in the analysis. Data were collected through questionnaire-guided interviews at 7-10 and 9-12 years of age.

Dental Disease Outcomes Following a 2-Year Oral Health Promotion Program for Australian Aboriginal Children and Their Families: A 2-Arm Parallel, Single-blind, Randomised Controlled Trial.

Background: Dental disease has far-reaching impacts on child health and wellbeing. We worked with Aboriginal Australian communities to develop a multifaceted oral health promotion initiative to reduce children's experience of dental disease at age 2 years.

Methods: This was a single-blind, parallel-arm, randomised controlled trial.

NMR chemical shifts of urea loaded copper benzoate. A joint solid-state NMR and DFT study.

We report solid-state C NMR spectra of urea-loaded copper benzoate, Cu(CHCO)·2(urea), a simplified model for copper paddlewheel-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), along with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) computation of the paramagnetic NMR (pNMR) chemical shifts. Assuming a Boltzmann distribution between a diamagnetic open-shell singlet ground state (in a broken-symmetry Kohn-Sham DFT description) and an excited triplet state, the observed δ(C) values are reproduced reasonably well at the PBE0-⅓/IGLO-II//PBE0-D3/AE1 level. Using the proposed assignments of the signals, the mean absolute deviation between computed and observed C chemical shifts is below 30 ppm over a range of more than 1100 ppm.

Association of Modifiable Risk Factors With Dental Caries Among Indigenous and Nonindigenous Children in Australia.

Importance: Although the prevalence of untreated dental caries among Indigenous Australian children greatly exceeds the prevalence observed among non-Indigenous children, the associations of dental caries with risk factors is considered to be the same.

Objective: To estimate the association of modifiable risk factors with area-based inequalities in untreated dental caries among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian children using decomposition analysis.

Design, Setting, Participants: Cross-sectional study using data from Australia's National Child Oral Health Study 2012-2014, a nationally representative sample of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous children aged 5 to 14 years.

Stress beyond coping? A Rasch analysis of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) in an Aboriginal population.

The history of colonization contributed to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders becoming one of the most disadvantaged groups in Australia. The multiple social inequalities, and therefore the constant insecurities for many about low income, poor living conditions, unemployment, and discrimination, generate chronic stress in this population. In the Baby Teeth Talk Study, an oral-health randomized controlled trial, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) was administered to 367 pregnant Aboriginal women at baseline.

Transnational corporations and oral health inequalities; an introduction.

In an increasingly globalised world, Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) wield considerable social, economic and political influence, both in the international market economy and within individual countries. The practices of TNCs can have positive or adverse effects on population health through production methods and products, shaping social determinants of health, or influencing the regulatory structures governing their activities. TNCs can contribute to health inequities if the health consequences arising from their practices have disproportionate adverse impacts on vulnerable populations or positive benefits for less vulnerable groups.

Political economy, trade relations and health inequalities: lessons from general health.

This article argues that health outcomes, specifically nutrition related health outcomes, are socially determined, and can be linked to a wider political economy in which peoples' dietary consumption is structurally determined, evolving from political, economic and social forces. The article examines trade and investment agreements as regulatory vehicles that cultivate poor dietary consumption and inequalities in health outcomes between and within countries. How does this happen? The liberalization of trade and investment, and unfettered influence of powerful economic interests including transnational food and beverage companies has resulted in trade agreements that enable excess availability, affordability and acceptability of highly processed, nutrient poor foods worldwide, ultimately resulting in poor nutrition and consequently oral and other non-communicable diseases.

Risk indicators for untreated dental decay among Indigenous Australian children.

Objective: To investigate risk indicators for untreated dental decay among Indigenous Australian children using a national representative sample.

Methods: Data were from the National Child Oral Health Study 2012-2014, which included a nationally representative sample of Indigenous Australian children aged 5-14 years. Outcomes were the prevalence (% ds/DS >0) and severity (mean ds/DS) of untreated dental decay at the tooth surface level.

Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation.

Somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are acquired sequentially and hierarchically. First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. This raises the possibility that signaling pathway mutations are detrimental to clonal expansion of pre-leukemic HSC.

Race- and Income-Related Inequalities in Oral Health in Australian Children by Fluoridation Status.

Inequality in child oral health exists by race and income. Water fluoridation (WF) is effective in caries prevention, but evidence for WF reducing inequality in caries experience is equivocal. This study tested the hypothesis that WF reduces race- and income-related inequality in child caries experience.

Big data, qualitative style: a breadth-and-depth method for working with large amounts of secondary qualitative data.

Archival storage of data sets from qualitative studies presents opportunities for combining small-scale data sets for reuse/secondary analysis. In this paper, we outline our approach to combining multiple qualitative data sets and explain why working with a corpus of 'big qual' data is a worthwhile endeavour. We present a new approach that iteratively combines recursive surface thematic mapping and in-depth interpretive work.

Follow-up of an Intervention to Reduce Dental Caries in Indigenous Australian Children: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Testing the long-term usefulness of a childhood intervention and determining the best age of implementation are important for translation and policy change.

Objectives: To investigate among children aged 3 years the long-term effectiveness an intervention that aimed to reduce dental caries among South Australian Aboriginal children and to assess if children in the delayed intervention (DI) group had any benefit from the intervention from ages 2 to 3 years and if the intervention usefulness was greater when delivered between pregnancy and age 2 years (immediate intervention [II] vs ages 2 to 3 years [DI]).

Design, Setting, And Participants: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.