Expression of p52, a non-canonical NF-kappaB transcription factor, is associated with poor ovarian cancer prognosis.

Background: The canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways have key roles in cancer, but studies have previously evaluated only the association of canonical transcription factors and ovarian cancer survival. Although a number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated mechanisms by which non-canonical NF-κB signaling potentially contributes to ovarian cancer progression, a prognostic association has yet to be shown in the clinical context.

Methods: We assayed p65 and p52 (major components of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways) by immunohistochemistry in epithelial ovarian tumor samples; nuclear and cytoplasmic staining were semi-quantified by H-scores and dichotomized at median values.

Discovery of a Highly Potent and Broadly Effective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and HER2 Exon 20 Insertion Mutant Inhibitor.

Exon 20 insertion (Ex20Ins) mutations are the third most prevalent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutation and the most prevalent HER2 mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Novel therapeutics for the patients with Ex20Ins mutations are urgently needed, due to their poor responses to the currently approved EGFR and HER2 inhibitors. Here we report the discovery of highly potent and broadly effective EGFR and HER2 Ex20Ins mutant inhibitors.

p52 expression enhances lung cancer progression.

While many studies have demonstrated that canonical NF-κB signaling is a central pathway in lung tumorigenesis, the role of non-canonical NF-κB signaling in lung cancer remains undefined. We observed frequent nuclear accumulation of the non-canonical NF-κB component p100/p52 in human lung adenocarcinoma. To investigate the impact of non-canonical NF-κB signaling on lung carcinogenesis, we employed transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of p52 in airway epithelial cells.

EGFR L858M/L861Q cis Mutations Confer Selective Sensitivity to Afatinib.

Introduction: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed to treat patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancers. However, the therapeutic efficacy of TKIs in patients with uncommon EGFR mutations remains unclear.

Methods: Next-generation sequencing was performed on a patient's lung adenocarcinoma tumor sample, revealing rare combined in cis (on the same allele) EGFR mutations.

Epithelial NF-κB signaling promotes EGFR-driven lung carcinogenesis via macrophage recruitment.

Several studies have demonstrated that NF-κB activation is common in lung cancer; however, the mechanistic links between NF-κB signaling and tumorigenesis remain to be fully elucidated. We investigated the function of NF-κB signaling in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung tumors using a transgenic mouse model with doxycycline (dox)-inducible expression of oncogenic EGFR in the lung epithelium with or without a dominant inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. NF-κB inhibition resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden in both EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sensitive and resistant tumors.

Neutrophil-Derived IL-1β Impairs the Efficacy of NF-κB Inhibitors against Lung Cancer.

Although epithelial NF-κB signaling is important for lung carcinogenesis, NF-κB inhibitors are ineffective for cancer treatment. To explain this paradox, we studied mice with genetic deletion of IKKβ in myeloid cells and found enhanced tumorigenesis in Kras(G12D) and urethane models of lung cancer. Myeloid-specific inhibition of NF-κB augmented pro-IL-1β processing by cathepsin G in neutrophils, leading to increased IL-1β and enhanced epithelial cell proliferation.

p52 Overexpression Increases Epithelial Apoptosis, Enhances Lung Injury, and Reduces Survival after Lipopolysaccharide Treatment.

Although numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role for canonical NF-κB signaling in inflammation and disease, the function of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway remains ill-defined. In lung tissue from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, we identified increased expression of the noncanonical pathway component p100/p52. To investigate the effects of p52 expression in vivo, we generated a novel transgenic mouse model with inducible expression of p52 in Clara cell secretory protein-expressing airway epithelial cells.

Chronic NF-κB activation links COPD and lung cancer through generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the lungs.

Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB is positioned to provide the interface between COPD and carcinogenesis through regulation of chronic inflammation in the lungs. Using a tetracycline-inducible transgenic mouse model that conditionally expresses activated IκB kinase β (IKKβ) in airway epithelium (IKTA), we found that sustained NF-κB signaling results in chronic inflammation and emphysema by 4 months. By 11 months of transgene activation, IKTA mice develop lung adenomas.

Interleukin-5 facilitates lung metastasis by modulating the immune microenvironment.

Although the lung is the most common metastatic site for cancer cells, biologic mechanisms regulating lung metastasis are not fully understood. Using heterotopic and intravenous injection models of lung metastasis in mice, we found that IL5, a cytokine involved in allergic and infectious diseases, facilitates metastatic colonization through recruitment of sentinel eosinophils and regulation of other inflammatory/immune cells in the microenvironment of the distal lung. Genetic IL5 deficiency offered marked protection of the lungs from metastasis of different types of tumor cells, including lung cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer.