The Influence of Postmenstrual Age and Neurological Impairments on the Modified Pain Assessment Tool Score in Infants Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care: A Retrospective Medical Record Review.

Repetitive and prolonged experience of pain by infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) may adversely affect growth and alter pain responses. The degree of infant prematurity and/or presence of neurological impairment (NI) may impact an infant's ability to behaviorally respond to pain. This study aimed to determine whether the scores on the mPAT, a widely used pain assessment tool, is impacted by postmenstrual age (PMA) at assessment, irrespective of neurological impairment.

Interactive and passive mixed reality distraction: effects on cold pressor pain in adults.

While interactive distractors are predicted to be more effective in reducing acute pain than passive distractors, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous work using Virtual-Reality (VR) has suggested that interactive distraction may be enhanced by increasing the person's sense of immersion. Despite the possible utility of immersive VR in reducing pain, some people report being disoriented and motion sick, and it doesn't allow for interactions with environment (e.

Compensation of Trial-to-Trial Latency Jitter Reveals the Parietal Retrieval Success Effect to be Both Variable and Thresholded in Older Adults.

Although the neural mechanism supporting episodic recollection has been well characterized in younger adults, exactly how recollection is supported in older adults remains unclear. The electrophysiological correlate of recollection-the parietal retrieval success effect-for example, has been shown to be sensitive to both the amount of information recollected and the accuracy of remembered information in younger adults. To date, there is mixed evidence that parietal effect also scales with the amount of information remembered in older adults whilst there is little evidence that the same mechanism is sensitive to the accuracy of recollected information.

The neural mechanism underlying recollection is sensitive to the quality of episodic memory: Event related potentials reveal a some-or-none threshold.

Although much is known about the underlying neural systems that support recollection, exactly how recollection operates remains unclear. One possibility is that recollection reflects the operation of a continuous retrieval process, whereby test cues always elicit some information from memory. Alternatively, recollection may reflect the operation of a thresholded process that allows for retrieval failure, whereby test cues sometimes elicit no information from memory at all.

Characterizing episodic memory retrieval: electrophysiological evidence for diminished familiarity following unitization.

Episodic memory relies on both recollection and familiarity; why these processes are differentially engaged during retrieval remains unclear. Traditionally, recollection has been considered necessary for tasks requiring associative retrieval, whereas familiarity supports recognition of items. Recently, however, familiarity has been shown to contribute to associative recognition if stimuli are "unitized" at encoding (a single representation is created from multiple elements)-the "benefit" of unitization.

Cyr61 mediates hepatocyte growth factor-dependent tumor cell growth, migration, and Akt activation.

Certain tumor cell responses to the growth factor-inducible early response gene product CCN1/Cyr61 overlap with those induced by the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway. In this study, we investigate if Cyr61 is a downstream effector of HGF/c-Met pathway activation in human glioma cells. A semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 112 human glioma and normal brain specimens showed that levels of tumor-associated Cyr61 protein correlate with tumor grade (P < 0.