The prevalence of undiagnosed and unrecognized primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based analysis from the electronic medical record.

Background: The electronic medical record (EMR) of a large, tertiary referral center was examined to study the prevalence of undiagnosed and unrecognized primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).

Methods: The EMR was queried for outpatient serum calcium >10.5 mg/dL over a 2-year period.

The phenotype of primary hyperparathyroidism with normal parathyroid hormone levels: how low can parathyroid hormone go?

Background: While normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism is well recognized in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), less is known about patients with high calcium but normal intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH). We aimed to describe this entity and designated it normohormonal primary hyperparathyroidism (NHPHP).

Methods: From a prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing bilateral parathyroid exploration for PHP, we identified and compared those with preoperative iPTH levels below (NHPHP) and above (typical PHP) normal reference peak (60 pg/mL).

Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules with 18FDG-PET/CT.

Background: Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ((18)FDG-PET/CT) has become an important tool in the postoperative management of de-differentiated thyroid cancer. The utility of this imaging modality in the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules is unclear. This study was designed to determine whether (18)FDG-PET/CT improves the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

GSK-3beta inhibitors reduce protein degradation in muscles from septic rats and in dexamethasone-treated myotubes.

Sepsis is associated with muscle wasting, mainly reflecting increased muscle proteolysis. Recent studies suggest that inhibition of GSK-3beta activity may counteract catabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that treatment of muscles from septic rats with the GSK-3beta inhibitors LiCl and TDZD-8 would reduce sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis.

Angiogenesis in benign and malignant thyroid disease.

Context: Angiogenesis has been recognized as an important process contributing to the pathophysiology of many benign and malignant diseases. It is not surprising, therefore, that this complex process is proving to be an important regulator of both benign and malignant disease processes in the thyroid gland. This paper will review the general principles of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, as well as the importance of the balance between angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors in the normal thyroid gland.