Application of mechanistic modelling in membrane and fiber chromatography for purification of biotherapeutics - A review.

Mechanistic modelling is a simulation tool which has been effectively applied in downstream bioprocessing to model resin chromatography. Membrane and fiber chromatography are newer approaches that offer higher rates of mass transfer and consequently higher flow rates and reduced processing times. This review describes the key considerations in the development of mechanistic models for these unit operations.

Sustained Transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with High-Level Resistance to Azithromycin, in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2017-2018.

Background: Since 2014, Neisseria gonorrhoeae azithromycin (AZM) susceptibility has declined in the United States, but high-level AZM resistance (HL-AZMR) has been infrequent and sporadic. We describe a cluster of 14 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with HL-AZMR identified in Indianapolis over 13 months.

Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics Associated With Reduced Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea, 2018 to 2019.

Background: Jurisdictions participating in Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG) implemented specimen collection for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing from a sample of persons of all genders (at multiple anatomic sites) attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and community clinics. We describe the percentage and characteristics of patients whose isolates demonstrated reduced susceptibility (RS) to azithromycin, ceftriaxone, or cefixime.

Methods: We included patients from clinics that participated in SURRG whose isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Etest.

Impact of Anatomic Site, Specimen Collection Timing, and Patient Symptom Status on Neisseria gonorrhoeae Culture Recovery.

Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture is required for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, but recovering isolates from clinical specimens is challenging. Although many variables influence culture recovery, studies evaluating the impact of culture specimen collection timing and patient symptom status are limited. This study analyzed urogenital and extragenital culture recovery data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG) program, a multisite project, which enhances local N.

Test of Cure Return Rate and Test Positivity, Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea, United States, 2018-2019.

Background: Reduced antibiotic susceptibility (RS) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) may increase treatment failure. Conducting tests of cure (TOC) for patients with RS-GC may facilitate identification of treatment failures.

Methods: We examined 2018 to 2019 data from 8 jurisdictions participating in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Strengthening US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea project.

Enhancing U.S. Local, State, and Federal Preparedness Through Simulated Interactive Tabletop Exercises of a Mock Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea Outbreak, 2018-2019.

Background: Responding effectively to outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea (ARGC) in the future will likely prove challenging. Tabletop exercises (TTXs) may assist local, state, and federal public health officials evaluate existing ARGC outbreak response plans, strengthen preparedness and response effectiveness, and identify critical gaps to address before an outbreak.

Methods: In 2018 to 2019, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state partners to develop and implement TTXs to simulate a public health emergency involving an ARGC outbreak.

The Implementation of Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea in the Emergency Department Setting: Successes and Lessons Learned in 2 Jurisdictions.

Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) continues to develop antimicrobial resistance (AR), and treatment options are limited. ARNG surveillance aids in identifying threats and guiding treatment recommendations but has traditionally been limited to sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics. Large portions of STI care is delivered outside of STI clinics, such as emergency departments (EDs).

Exploring and Comparing the Structure of Sexual Networks Affected by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Using Sexual Partner Services Investigation and Genomic Data.

Background: Sexual networks are difficult to construct because of incomplete sexual partner data. The proximity of people within a network may be inferred from genetically similar infections. We explored genomic data combined with partner services investigation (PSI) data to extend our understanding of sexual networks affected by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG).

Cellular localisation of adenylyl cyclase: a post-genome perspective.

The intracellular messenger cAMP is essential for vital processes ranging from ovulation to cognition. There are 10 genes for adenylyl cyclase (AC), the biosynthetic enzyme of cAMP. Nine of these encode membrane-bound proteins and one gives rise to soluble AC.